Wave Equation
... Quantum difficulty “If anybody says he can think about quantum problems without getting giddy, that only shows he has not understood the first thing about them.” ...
... Quantum difficulty “If anybody says he can think about quantum problems without getting giddy, that only shows he has not understood the first thing about them.” ...
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... then slowly (compared to the particle gyro-‐frequencies) increased to 1 T , in such a way that particle collisions can be neglected during this process. The plasma is then allowed to relax to a ne ...
... then slowly (compared to the particle gyro-‐frequencies) increased to 1 T , in such a way that particle collisions can be neglected during this process. The plasma is then allowed to relax to a ne ...
Titles and Abstracts
... arbitrary Gaussian states in the number basis are strictly decreasing functions of excitation number, and therefore no convex combination thereof can be proportional to a projection operator. We connect this observation with the construction of t-designs, important ensembles of states that reproduce ...
... arbitrary Gaussian states in the number basis are strictly decreasing functions of excitation number, and therefore no convex combination thereof can be proportional to a projection operator. We connect this observation with the construction of t-designs, important ensembles of states that reproduce ...
WinFinalDraftB
... 3. Is an electric field stronger where equipotentials are concentrated or spread out? Explain. ...
... 3. Is an electric field stronger where equipotentials are concentrated or spread out? Explain. ...
Link between the hierarchy of fractional quantum Hall states and
... Link between the hierarchy of fractional quantum Hall states and Haldane’s conjecture for quantum spin chains Masaaki Nakamura Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan ...
... Link between the hierarchy of fractional quantum Hall states and Haldane’s conjecture for quantum spin chains Masaaki Nakamura Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan ...
Operators and meaning of wave function
... expression (2) is not positive definite. Since the KG equation is second order, and / t can be fixed arbitrary at given time, so make take on negative values, and its interpretation as a probability density have to be abandoned. The interpretation of the KG equation as a single-particle equa ...
... expression (2) is not positive definite. Since the KG equation is second order, and / t can be fixed arbitrary at given time, so make take on negative values, and its interpretation as a probability density have to be abandoned. The interpretation of the KG equation as a single-particle equa ...
Renormalization
In quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, renormalization is any of a collection of techniques used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities.Renormalization specifies relationships between parameters in the theory when the parameters describing large distance scales differ from the parameters describing small distances. Physically, the pileup of contributions from an infinity of scales involved in a problem may then result in infinities. When describing space and time as a continuum, certain statistical and quantum mechanical constructions are ill defined. To define them, this continuum limit, the removal of the ""construction scaffolding"" of lattices at various scales, has to be taken carefully, as detailed below.Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED) to make sense of infinite integrals in perturbation theory. Initially viewed as a suspect provisional procedure even by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent actual mechanism of scale physics in several fields of physics and mathematics. Today, the point of view has shifted: on the basis of the breakthrough renormalization group insights of Kenneth Wilson, the focus is on variation of physical quantities across contiguous scales, while distant scales are related to each other through ""effective"" descriptions. All scales are linked in a broadly systematic way, and the actual physics pertinent to each is extracted with the suitable specific computational techniques appropriate for each.