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3,2,1 1 1 2 = −= −= nn E n ekm E Only memorize the second form.
3,2,1 1 1 2 = −= −= nn E n ekm E Only memorize the second form.

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Challenging Modern Physics
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... cloud, i.e., something of a continuum of fractal structure. Hence, from a scale of 1024 m to 10-8 m, the nature has presented itself as a fractal continuum. It is reasonable to extrapolate downward to even smaller scales like 10-10 m that the nature should possess the same statistically self-similar ...
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... dynamical evolution can be also recovered from the quantized bosonic fields in the limit ~ → 0. An important problem here is to identify appropriate localized states and position operators in the context of relativistic quantum mechanics. This question was analyzed and answered in a classical work b ...
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... Particles and anti-particles: For each particle, there is anti-particle with the same mass/spin and opposite quantum numbers like charge (electric, color, etc.), magnetic moment, etc. For photon , Z, and H, an anti-particle is the same as a particle. Same can be true for neutrinos, but we do not yet ...
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... electron falls in to a closer orbit, potential energy is lost to radiation. The amount of energy escaped, in the form of radiation equals the energy difference between the orbits. In the diagram the calculated wavelengths of the radiation liberated are listed next to each arrow. The spectrum of wave ...
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10mod_phys

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Renormalization



In quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, renormalization is any of a collection of techniques used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities.Renormalization specifies relationships between parameters in the theory when the parameters describing large distance scales differ from the parameters describing small distances. Physically, the pileup of contributions from an infinity of scales involved in a problem may then result in infinities. When describing space and time as a continuum, certain statistical and quantum mechanical constructions are ill defined. To define them, this continuum limit, the removal of the ""construction scaffolding"" of lattices at various scales, has to be taken carefully, as detailed below.Renormalization was first developed in quantum electrodynamics (QED) to make sense of infinite integrals in perturbation theory. Initially viewed as a suspect provisional procedure even by some of its originators, renormalization eventually was embraced as an important and self-consistent actual mechanism of scale physics in several fields of physics and mathematics. Today, the point of view has shifted: on the basis of the breakthrough renormalization group insights of Kenneth Wilson, the focus is on variation of physical quantities across contiguous scales, while distant scales are related to each other through ""effective"" descriptions. All scales are linked in a broadly systematic way, and the actual physics pertinent to each is extracted with the suitable specific computational techniques appropriate for each.
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