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Name: _____________________ Date: _______________
Biology Level 3 Final Study Guide
Date of midterm exam:________________
Time of midterm exam: _______________
DON’T BE LATE!
This study guide packet is due the day of the final exam. You must complete it and bring it with you when you come
to take the test. If you do not have the study guide completed and in class at the beginning of class on the day of
your final, you will not get any credit for it. This is an “all or nothing” assignment. If you complete it 100%, 3 points
will be added to your midterm exam grade. Make sure your name is on it. No credit will be given for work without a
name or work that is late.
The following review covers the chapters in the first semester. To properly prepare for the exam you should:
1. Review this packet
2. Organize and review your notes
3. Review old tests & quizzes
4. Start Early!!
Bring to the exam: A #2 pencil with an eraser and a book or magazine to occupy you should you finish early. You will
not be able to leave and go to your locker so bring everything with you.
Good Luck!
Remember: Your exam accounts for 10% of your final grade!
Chapter 1: The Science of Life
1. List the 8 characteristics of all living things:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
2. What is biology?
3. What is homeostasis?
4. Define sexual and asexual reproduction.
5.
Define the following:
Theory
Ecosystem
Community
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Experimental Design
6. Read the experimental design and answer the questions:
A group of students was trying to determine which type of soil would rose bushes grow the tallest in. They had five
rose bushes that they planted in five different types of soil. The size of the pots were the same, they were watered
the same amount and kept in the same light and temperature conditions.
a. What was the problem?
b. What was the independent variable?
c. What was the dependent variable?
7. Another group of students were trying to determine at what temperature a newly discovered fish will thrive. They
set up four different aquariums and kept each at different temperatures. They put 100 fish in each tank and then
counted how many were alive at the end of a week.
a. What was the problem?
b. What was the independent variable?
c. What was the dependent variable?
d. What conditions need to be kept constant during the experiment?
Microscopes
1. Label the diagram of the microscope.
4. What is the function of the following parts of the microscope?
a. diaphragm:
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b. course adjustment:
c. fine adjustment:
d. stage clips:
e. eyepiece
f.
scanning objective
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
1. Give the location and charges of the 3 subatomic particles in an atom.
2. What is an isotope?
3.
4. What is the atomic number of an atom? What is the atomic mass of an atom?
5. What is the pH scale? Draw the scale and show where acids and bases are located.
6. What is a catalyst?
7.
What is a polar molecule? Why is water a polar molecule? Name a few of the special characteristics of
water.
Chapter 3 Biochemistry
1. What is an organic compound?
2. Explain carbon bonding.
3. What is a functional group?
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4. Fill out the following table about functional groups:
Functional Group
Structural Formula
Alcohol
Hydroxyl
Organic acid
Carboxyl
Amine
Amine
ATP/NADP
Phosphate
5. Fill out the following table about macromolecules:
Organic
Monomer
Examples
Compound
Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
Example
Where is it found
in the body
6. What is the condensation reaction?
7. What is hydrolysis?
8. What is an enzyme?
9. What is the lock and key model of enzyme activity? Use the following terms in your description (active site, enzyme,
products, substrate).
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10. For each of the following statements, label as true or false
_____ a. Enzymes are types of proteins
_____ b. Enzymes slow down the rate of chemical reactions
_____ c. Each enzyme is specific, it only works on one type of substance
_____ d. Enzymes become denatured (melt) at high temperatures
_____ e. Enzymes work best at a narrow pH range
_____ f. Enzymes cannot be reused.
_____ g. Proteins are made of building blocks called amino acids
_____ h. Proteins are made in the mitochondria of cells
_____ i. Proteins make up our blood, hair, skin, heart, muscles, and bones
11. Use the graphs above to answer the questions:
a. Does enzyme number one function at a pH of 5.5? ______
b. What is the best pH for enzyme number two? _______
c. Which enzyme has the broadest ph range? ___________
12. What is a nucleic acid?
Chapter 4, 5 and 8: Cell Structure/Function and Cell Division
1. What is DNA overload? What happens when a cell experiences DNA overload?
2. What is the surface are-to-volume ratio?
3. What is a cell?
4. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
5. What is a prokaryotic cell? What is a eukaryotic cell?
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6. What are three differences between a plant cell and an animal cell?
7. Matching: Next to each organelle, write the letter of its function
______ mitochondria
a. where proteins are made
______ cell membrane
b. site of photosynthesis in plants, contains chlorophyll
______ cell wall
c. transport system of the cell
______endoplasmic reticulum
d. provides support and protection for plant cell
______nucleus
e. storage area for the cells
______ vacuole
f.
powerhouse of the cell, makes energy
______chloroplasts
h. control center of the cell, contains the genetic _______ribosome
information
i.
is selectively permeable, controls what goes in and out of the cell
8. Explain the function of the Golgi apparatus, lysosome, and cytoskeleton.
9. Label the diagrams of the cells below:
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Animal Cell:
Plant Cell:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
10. What does selectively permeable mean?
11. What types of organic molecules make up a cell membrane?
12. What is the function of the cell membrane?
13. What is diffusion?
14. What is equilibrium?
15. What is osmosis?
16. Define the following terms: isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and hypertonic solution.
17. What is active transport?
18. What type of organic molecule is needed for active transport?
19. What is endocytosis and exocytosis?
20. What is the difference between diffusion and active transport?
21. What is a chromosome?
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22. What is mitosis?
23. What is a centromere?
24. Write the following stages of mitosis in order:
Telophase, metaphase, interphase, prophase, anaphase
25. What are the 3 parts of interphase? What happens in each one?
26. Draw a picture next to the description on the right for each stage of mitosis
INTERPHASE
 Longest stage
 Nucleolus and nuclear membrane
disappear
 Chromosomes look like tangled threads
 Centrioles together
PROPHASE
 Chromosomes pair up
 Centrioles move to opposite sides of
the cell
METAPHASE
 Chromosomes line up in the middle
Of the cell
ANAPHASE
 Chromosome pairs pull apart and move
To opposite sides of the cell
TELOPHASE
 The chromosomes are at opposite sides
Of the cell
 Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappears
27. What happens during cytokinesis?
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28. What is different with cytokinesis in plant cells?
29. What is cancer? What are the treatments for cancer?
30. What is diploid? Haploid?
31. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
32. How does gamete formation differ in male humans vs. female humans?
33. What are polar bodies?
Chapter 6 & 7: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1. Define photosynthesis.
2. What are autotrophs? Heterotrophs?
3. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
4. Where does photosynthesis occur?
5. What type of organisms carry out photosynthesis?
6. Describe the structure of a chloroplast, including thylakoids,etc.
7. What is a pigment?
8. Distinguish between chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
9. What are carotenoids?
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10. Describe each of the steps of photosynthesis.
11. What is chemiosmosis?
12. Describe the Calvin cycle.
13. What is the purpose of stomata?
14. Describe the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
15. What is the most important energy molecule in organisms?
16. What is glycolysis?
17. Describe the steps of aerobic respiration.
18. What are the two types of fermentation that do not require oxygen? Define them.
19. Describe the Krebs cycle.
20. What type of respiration yields more ATP?
21. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
22. Where does respiration occur in the cell?
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23. Describe the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis for aerobic respiration.
Chapter 9: Fundamentals of Genetics
1. Define the following terms:
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Dominant
Recessive
Genotype
Phenotype
Hybrid
Pure
Allele
2. Who was Gregor Mendel?
3. What is the principle of dominance?
4. What is the principle of segregation?
5. What is the principle of independent assortment?
6. What is an allele?
7. What is probability and how does it apply to genetics?
8. What are genes and where are they located?
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9. What is a monohybrid cross? Dihybrid cross?
10. What is codominance? Give an example of a trait that is codominant..
11. What is incomplete dominance? Give an example.
12. What are multiple alleles? Give an example.
13. What are polygenic traits? Give an example.
14. Use Punnett squares to solve the following crosses.
a. Tall (T) is dominant over short (t) in pea plants. A homozygous tall pea plant is crossed
with a short pea plant. What are the probable genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
b. Two heterozygous tall pea plants are crossed. What are the probable phenotypes and
genotypes of the offspring produced?
c. Two tall pea plants are crossed and all the offspring are short. Is this possible? Explain
your answer and show a Punnett square.
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d. Tulips exhibit incomplete dominance. Cross a red (RR) flower with a yellow (YY) flower.
Explain your answer and show a Punnett square. Give the genotypic and phenotypic
ratios in the form of a %.
e. Cross two of the offspring from the tulip problem above. Give the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios in the form of a %.
Chapter 10: DNA and RNA
1. Describe Griffith’s, Avery’s and Hershey/Chase’s experiments.
2. What is a bacteriophage and how does it infect a bacterium?
3. What are the three roles of DNA?
a.
b.
c.
4. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
1.
2.
3.
5. What are Chargaff’s rules and base pairing?
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6. Based on Chargaff’s rules, complete the chart:
Adenine
Guanine
28%
Cytosine
Thymine
7. Explain the process of DNA replication.
8. Compare and contrast DNA replication in eukaryotic cells vs. prokaryotic cells.
9. What is the role of helicase, DNA polymerase and ligase in the process of replication?
10. What is a telomere?
11. What is a mutation?
12. Complete the chart:
Type of RNA
Function
13. Explain the following processes in detail. Include where in the cell this process takes place.
Transcription
Translation
14. What is the role of RNA polymerase?
15. What is a promoter? A termination signal?
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16. What is the genetic code?
17. What is a codon?
18. Explain how a codon is read.
19. Using Figure 10-1 in your book, identify the following amino acids based on its codon:
a. GCA ___________________________
b. AUG
___________________________
c. UCU
___________________________
20. What is the human genome?
Chapter 11: Gene Expression
1. What is gene expression?
2. Compare and contrast gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
3. Describe the structure and function of the lac operon.
4. What are transcription factors?
5. What are enhancers?
6. What are homeotic genes? Homeobox sequences?
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7. What is an oncogene?
8. What is a tumor-suppressor gene?
9. Describe metastasis.
10. Define and give some examples of carcinogens.
Chapter 12: Inheritance Patterns and Human Genetics
1. What are sex chromosomes and autosomes?
2. How is sex determined?
3. How are sex-linked traits carried by sex-linked genes?
4. What are linked genes and how are they inherited?
5. What is a karyotype?
6. Describe a chromosome map.
7. Compare and contrast a germ-cell mutation and a somatic-cell mutation.
8. Describe the following chromosome mutations:
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
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8. Describe the following gene mutations:
Point mutation
Substitution
Frameshift mutation
Insertion mutation
9. What does a pedigree show?
10. What is a carrier?
11. Explain each of the following types of heredity:
a. Dominant/recessive
b. Codominance
c. Multiple Alleles
d. Sex-linked
e. Sex-influenced traits
f. Single-allele traits
12. Use Punnett squares to solve the following crosses.
a. A man is heterozygous A blood type. He marries a woman who is heterozygous B blood
type. What blood types can their children have?
b. A woman is heterozygous for hemophilia. She marries a normal man. What are the
chances that any of her children will be hemophiliacs?
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13. How do the following assist in detecting genetic diseases?
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villi sampling
14. What is the role of a genetic counselor?
15. How can gene therapy treat a person with a genetic disorder?
16. What can you tell based on this pedigree chart? Is the disorder sex-linked or dominant/recessive?
Explain.
Chapter 13: Gene Technology
1. What are length polymorphisms?
2. What is a VNTR?
3. Describe the steps of PCR.
4. What are restriction enzymes?
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5. Explain the process of gel electrophoresis.
6. What is a DNA fingerprint?
7. How are cloning vectors, plasmids and probes used in recombinant DNA?
8. What is the Human genome Project?
9. What is bioinformatics?
10. What is a microarray?
11. What is genetic engineering?
12. Explain the process where Dolly the sheep was cloned.
13. What are the advantages and disadvantages of producing transgenic (genetically modified) plants
and animals?
14. How is the process of recombinant DNA used to make proteins like human insulin?
15. What are GM crops and animals? What are the advantages/disadvantages of producing transgenic
organisms?
16. Currently GM foods are not labeled. Should they be labeled? Why or why not? Explain.
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Chapters 15/16: Evolution
1. What is evolution?
2. How did geologic ideas change during Darwin’s time?
3. How did Lamarck’s ideas play a role in Darwin’s thinking?
4. What is descent with modification?
5. Summarize Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
6. How is the fossil record used as evidence for evolution?
7. What is biogeography?
8. What are homologous structures? Analogous structures?
9. What are vestigial structures?
10. What is phylogeny?
11. Define the following:
Convergent evolution
Divergent evolution
Adaptive radiation
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Artificial selection
Coevolution
12. What are population genetics?
13. Describe a bell curve in terms of observable traits.
14. What is the gene pool and allele frequency?
15. Explain the Hardy-Weinberg Principle.
16. What is gene flow?
17. Describe genetic drift.
18. Describe the following types of selection. Include the graph that shows each type of selection.
Stabilizing
Disruptive
Directional
19. What is morphology?
20. Describe each type of isolation.
Geographic
Allopathic
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Reproductive
Sympatric
Temporal
21. Explain the process of speciation.
Chapter 17: Classification
1. What is biodiversity?
2. Explain Carolus Linnaeus’ system of classification and binomial nomenclature.
3. List the 7 taxonomic categories from largest, most inclusive to smallest.
4. What is phylogenetic?
5. What would a phylogenetic diagram show you?
6. What is cladistics?
7. What is a shared character? A derived character?
8. Describe each of the domains.
Bacteria
Archaea
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Eukarya
9. Describe each of the kingdoms.
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
10. What is a dichotomous key and how is one used?
Chapter 23/24: Bacteria and Viruses
1. Compare and contrast Bacteria and Archae.
2. What is Gram staining and what does it tell you about bacteria?
3. What is an antibiotic and how does it work? What is antibiotic resistance?
4. What are the basic structures and functions in a bacterial cell?
5. Define the following:
Photoautotroph
Chemoautotroph
Heterotroph
Decomposer
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6. Compare and contrast aerobes, anaerobes, facultative anaerobes.
7. How do bacteria reproduce?
8. What are the three bacterial shapes?
9. What is an endospore?
10. Why are bacteria and other prokaryotes important?
11. How do bacteria cause diseases?
12. Why is it important to control the growth of bacteria?
13. In what ways can bacterial growth be controlled?
14. How are bacteria useful in industry?
15. What is the basic structure of a virus?
Draw a picture of a virus in the box above as well.
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2. How do viruses cause diseases?
3. What is a bacteriophage?
4. Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic infections.
5. What is an emerging disease?
6. What is a vaccination and how does it work?
7. What is a viroid?
8. What is a prion?
Be able to do the following:
a. Graph data properly, know all the important parts of a graph
b. Complete Punnett Squares and provide genotypic and phenotypic ratios
c. Read pedigree charts
d. Calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom
e. Understand the pH scale
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