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CHAPTERS 18, 19, AND 20 WALK AND ANSWERS: STUDY GUIDE NOTES
Directions: Students will read each chapter, section, and topic noting their bold face headings. As they
read they will use the Cornell Note format to define or identify the terms or people and answer question for
each topic as they read.
Sectionalism: A devotion to the
Chapter 18: A Divided Nation
interests of one geographic region
Section 1: The Debate over Slavery page 552
rather than those of the country as
The Expansion of Slavery
1. How were the Wilmont Proviso and the principle of
a whole.
popular sovereignty different?
Ans: The Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery
completely in the new territories while popular
Free-Soil Party: Political party
sovereignty would have allowed each territory to decide
formed in 1848 by antislavery
the issue.
northerners who left the Whig and
Democratic Parties because
The Compromise of 1850
2. How did the Compromise of 1850 attempt to resolve
neither addressed the slavery
conflicts over the expansion of slavery?
issue.
Ans: 1. California enter Union as a free state 2. rest of
Henry Clay: Senator from
Mexican Cession be organized as a federal territory with
Kentucky, nicknamed “The Great
popular sovereignty deciding the issue of slavery 3.
Compromiser”, came forward with
settled land dispute between Texas and New Mexico 4.
the Compromise of 1850.
ending of slave trade, but not slavery, in Washington,
D.C. 5. new more effective fugitive slave law
Fugitive Slave Act (1850): Law that
made it a crime to help runaway
slaves; allowed for the arrest of
escaped slaves in areas where slavery
was illegal and required their return to
slaveholders.
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852):
Antislavery novel written by Harriet
Beecher Stowe that showed
northerners the violent reality of
slavery and drew many people to
the abolitionists' cause.
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854):
Law that allowed voters in the
Kansas and Nebraska territories to
choose whether to allow slavery.
Pottawatomie Massacre (1856):
Incident in which abolitionist John
Brown and seven other men
murdered pro-slavery Kansans
Charles Sumner – Senator from
The Fugitive Slave Act
3. How did many northerners respond to the Fugitive Slave
Act?
Ans: They were offended. They objected to the lack of
trial by jury and the apparent bribe given to
commissioners to send suspected fugitives back to the
South.
Antislavery Literature
4. How did literature help the antislavery movement?
Ans: Stories of fugitive slaves, slave narratives, and
novels made people aware of the cruelty of slavery and
convinced some to become abolitionists.
Section 2: Trouble in Kansas page 559
The Election of 1852
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
5. Why were antislavery northerners angry about the
Kansas-Nebraska Act?
Ans: It eliminated the Missouri Compromise’s
restriction on slavery
“Bleeding Kansas”
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Massachusetts, gave speech called
“The Crime Against Kansas”
criticizing pro-slavery efforts in
Kansas
Preston Brooks – South Carolina
Representative who in the Senate
Chamber beat Charles Sumner
unconscious with a walking cane
Roger B. Taney – Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court who wrote
majority opinion in the Dred Scott
decision
Freeport Doctrine (1858) :
Argument made by Stephen
Douglas during the LincolnDouglas debates that popular
sovereignty would determine
whether a state or territory could
permit slavery.
Section 3: Political Divisions page 564
New Divisions
The Dred Scott Decision
6. What were the three key issues in the Supreme Court
ruling on the Dred Scott case?
Ans: 1. Was Scott a citizen of the U.S.?
2.Did the time he spent living on free soil make him
free?
3. Was the ban on slavery in parts of Louisiana
Purchase constitutional?
7. What was the Supreme Court’s decision in the Dred
Scott case?
Ans: 1. African Americans were not citizens under the
U.S. Constitution and therefore did not have rights to file
suit in federal court. 2. Living on free soil had not made
Scott free. 3. Missouri Compromise’s restriction on
slavery was unconstitutional
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
8. Fill in the chart below to identify examples of deepening
political divisions caused by the slavery issue.
EVENT
RESULTS
Election of 1856
Dred Scott Decision
Lincoln-Douglas
Debates
Ans: Election of 1856: destroyed the Whig and KnowNothing parties
Dred Scott Decision: Southerners were happy and
northerners were stunned
Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Lincoln warned against
extension of slavery and dangers of a divided country;
Douglas believed people living in a territory should
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John Brown's Raid (1859):
Incident in which abolitionist John
Brown and 21 other men captured
a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry,
Virginia, in hopes of starting a
slave rebellion.
Republican Party: - Political party
formed in the 1850s to stop the
spread of slavery in the West.
Abraham Lincoln: - 16th President
of the U.S., elected 1860 and took
office March 4, 1861
Secession : Act of formally
withdrawing from an organization,
such as a country.
Jefferson Davis – Mississippian
elected president of the
Confederate States of America
decide the issue of slavery and that the country could
exist half slave and half free
Section 4: Secession page 569
The Raid on Harpers Ferry
Judging John Brown
9. How did northerners differ in their reactions to John
Brown’s raid and execution?
Ans: Many in the North supported his actions and
mourned his death, while others, like Lincoln, believed
the use of violence was wrong.
The Election of 1860
10. How did Lincoln and the Republican Party win the
election of 1860?
Ans: Lincoln won all the electoral votes in the free states,
while Breckenridge and Bell split the electoral votes in
the slave states, giving Lincoln a majority.
Breaking with the Union
11. Why did South Carolina decide to leave the Union, and
how did politicians react?
Ans: Fear that Lincoln would abolish slavery. Buchanan
and Lincoln said sescession was unconstitutional;
Crittenden proposed a compromise
The Confederate States of America
12. What did the seceding states do in 1860 and 1861 after
leaving the Union?
Ans: Formed the Confederate States of America, wrote
new constitution that closely modeled the U.S.
Constitution, and elected Jefferson Davis president of the
Confederate States of America
Fort Sumter : Federal outpost in
Charleston, South Carolina, that
was attacked by the Confederates
in April 1861, sparking the Civil
War.
Border States : Delaware,
Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri;
slave states that lay between the
North and the South and did not
CHAPTER 19: THE CIVIL WAR
Section 1: The War Begins page 580
Lincoln Faces a Crisis
13. Read Historical Document on page 581 Lincoln’s First
Inaugural Address and answer the following questions:
1. according to Lincoln, what do the Constitutions of
the U.S. and laws of the government say about the
Union? 2. What does Lincoln say is the main dispute
between the states?
Ans: 1. Lincoln says the Union will last forever, that it is
legally impossible to destroy the Union, and that no state
has the authority to leave the Union on its own. 2. One
section of the country favors slavery, while the other
opposes it.
Choosing Sides
14. Identify the similarities and differences between the
Upper South and the border states?
Ans: Upper South states were all slave states, and many
had strategic value. Border states stayed in the Union,
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join the Confederacy during the
Civil War. (also West Virginia)
and the Upper South joined the Confederacy.
15. Using map on page 582, The Union and the Confederacy
in 1861 answer the following question: How was the
State of Maryland strategically important to the Union in
relationship to Washington, D.C.?
Ans: If Maryland had joined the Confederacy, the
Capital would have been surrounded by Confederate
States
Cotton Diplomacy : Confederate
efforts to use the importance of
southern cotton to Britain's textile
industry to persuade the British to
support the Confederacy in the
Civil War.
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson :
Confederate General who inspired
Confederate troops at the First
Battle of Bull Run
The Volunteer Spirit
The North versus the South
16. List the advantages the North and the South had at the
beginning of the Civil War:
Ans: North: larger population provided more soldiers,
most of the nation’s factories and shipyards, better
network of railways, and was able to raise more money
for the war
South: many skilled military leaders and had only to
defend itself against the North
17. Interpreting Political Cartoons on page 584 depicts
Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan: Why do you think the
artist chose to represent the blockade plan as a snake
squeezing the Confederacy?
Ans: The blockade was intended to squeeze the South
Section 2: The War in the East page 585
Two Armies Meet
18. Why did the Confederates win the First Battle of Bull
Run?
Ans: They received reinforcements, rallied around
General Jackson, and charged forward aggressively.
More Battles in Virginia
First Battle of Bull Run – 1861 First major battle of the Civil War,
resulting in a Confederate victory;
showed that the Civil War would
not be won easily.
Battle of Antietam – 1862 -Union
victory in the Civil War that marked
the bloodiest single-day battle in
U.S. military history.
The Battle of Antietam
19. How did the Battle of Antietam help the Union?
Ans: First major Union victory; stopped Lee’s advance
northward and Lincoln issues Emancipation
Proclamation: bloodiest single day of war<
Ironclad : Warship heavily
armored with iron.
The War at Sea
20. Why did the Confederates send the Virginia(The
Merrimack) to sea in 1862, and what was the result?
Ans: To damage the Union navy and weaken the North’s
blockade of southern seaports; had success at first but
was finally driven off by the Union Monitor
Robert E. Lee – General in
charge of Confederate Army of
Section 3: The War in the West page 590
Western Strategy
21. What role did the Battle of Shiloh play in Grant’s
western strategy?
Ans: It gave Union forces greater control of the
Mississippi River Valley that will enable an attack on
Vicksburg
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Northern Virginia, top general of
the Confederacy
Ulysses S. Grant –Union general
who captures Vicksburg then
brought by Lincoln to the east to
defeat Lee
David Farragut – Union naval
leader from Tennessee who
captured New Orleans, Baton
Rouge, and Natchez.
John C. Pemberton –
Confederate General in charge of
troops at Vicksburg
Siege of Vicksburg – 1863 Union army's six-week blockade of
Vicksburg that led the city to
surrender during the Civil War.
Contrabands : Escaped or
captured slaves taken in by the
Union army during the Civil War.
Emancipation Proclamation –
1862 - Order issued by President
Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves
in areas rebelling against the
Union; took effect January 1, 1863.
54th Massachusetts Infantry :
African American Civil War
regiment that played a key role in
the attack on Fort Wagner in South
Carolina.
Copperheads : Northern
Democrats who opposed abolition
and sympathized with the South
during the Civil War.
Clara Barton – Volunteer nurse for
Union soldiers whose work form
the basis for what would become
Fighting for the Mississippi River
22. What events led to the Union gaining control of the
Mississippi River in 1863?
Ans: Union forces capture New Orleans, followed by
other cities on the river, and finally captured Vicksburg
by approaching from the east and surrounding the city
The Far West
23. What was the significance of the Battle of Pea Ridge?
Ans: It gave the Union control over Missouri.
Confederates continued to attack Union forces and raid
towns in the region forcing Union commanders to keep
troops stationed in the area.
Section 4: Life During the War page 594
Freeing the Slaves
24. In what different ways did people in the North view the
Emancipation Proclamation?
Ans: Some supported it, some thought it went too far,
and others thought it did not go far enough because
slavery was still legal. Lincoln used this document as a
form of propaganda to keep European countries from
allying with the South.
African Americans and the War
25. Why did African Americans serve in the Union army
despite the problems they faced?
Ans: Hope of gaining U.S. citizenship; to end or push
back slavery; pride in military service
Problems in the North
26. Why were people unhappy with Lincoln’s war policies,
and how did Lincoln attempt to deal with them?
Ans: The war was long and bloody. Lincoln signed a
draft law and ignored the right of habeas corpus to
silence Democratic opposition
Southern Struggles
27. What problem did both northerners and southerners have
with the new draft laws, and how did they show their
feelings?
Ans: Both opposed the draft, protests and riots took
place in both the North and the South
Life on the Home Front
28. How did southern and northern women affect the war
efforts?
Ans: They worked on farms and in factories, and they
provided medical care on battlefields and in field
hospitals.
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the American Red Cross
Battle of Gettysburg – 1863 Union Civil War victory that turned
the tide against the Confederates
at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania;
resulted in the loss of more than
50,000 soldiers.
Pickett's Charge – 1863 - Failed
Confederate attack, led by General
George Pickett, at the Battle of
Gettysburg.
Gettysburg Address – 1863 Speech given by Abraham Lincoln
in which he praised the bravery of
Union soldiers and renewed his
commitment to winning the Civil
War.
Total War : Type of war in which
an army destroys its opponent's
ability to fight by targeting civilian
and economic as well as military
resources.
Appomattox Courthouse Virginia town where General
Robert E. Lee was forced to
surrender, thus ending the Civil
War.
Amnesty - An official pardon
issued by the government for an
illegal act.
Reconstruction 1865–77 - Period
following the Civil War during
which the U.S. government worked
to reunite the nation and to rebuild
the southern states.
John Wilkes Booth – Southerner
who opposed Lincoln’s policies
Section 5: The Tide of the War Turns
Page 600
The Battle of Gettysburg
29. What led to the Battle of Gettysburg, and what was its
outcome?
Ans: Lee decided to launch an offensive into Union
territory; the Union troops defeated the Confederates
The Turning Point
30. Why do you think Lincoln talked about liberty, equality,
democratic ideals, and unity in the Gettysburg Address?
Ans: Lincoln wanted to remind Americans of why the
war was being fought; to make Americans more willing
to keep fighting the difficult war
Grant’s Drive to Richmond
31. Why was Grant’s 1864 campaign in Virginia successful
despite the huge casualties?
Ans: It also took a huge toll on Lee’s army, which could
not get more reinforcements, and the Union army got
closer to Richmond
Sherman Strikes the South
32. List the key events in Sherman’s march through the
South in 1863 in their proper sequence.
Ans: Sherman marches from Tennessee to Atlanta;
Sherman holds Atlanta under siege and destroys much of
the city with artillery; Sherman orders citizens to leave;
Sherman marches to Savannah, Ga. With 60,000 men to
“make Georgia howl”; Sherman uses total war
The South Surrenders
33. Why did Lee surrender?
Ans: Grants’s army had surrounded him, and he was unable
to reach the remaining Confederates in North Carolina
CHAPTER 20: RECONSTRUCTION
Section 1: Rebuilding the South page 620
Planning Reconstruction
The Thirteenth Amendment
34. What did the Thirteenth Amendment achieve, and how
did this change the lives of enslaved African Americans?
Ans: Abolished slavery. African Americans gained freedom
but found it necessary to struggle for equal rights.
The Freedmen’s Bureau
35. How did the freedmen’s Bureau help to provide
educational reform in the South?
Ans: It supported public education for former slaves by
providing books and teachers and by funding schools and
colleges
A New President
36. How did Lincoln’s assassination affect the nation?
Ans: It caused widespread grief and switched
responsibility for Reconstruction to Andrew Johnson
President Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan
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and shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theater
in Washington
37. What steps did Johnson require southern states to take in
order to be readmitted into the Union?
Ans: Loyalty oath; support for abolition; revised state
constitutions; election of new state officials,
representatives, and senators
Section 2: The Fight over Reconstruction
Page 626
The Black Codes
38. How were southern African Americans treated after the
Civil War, and why did they receive this treatment?
Ans: White southerners feared the freedom of African
Americans and passed Black Codes to keep them in
conditions similar to slavery
The Radical Republicans
The Fourteenth Amendment
39. What issue did the Fourteenth Amendment address, and
how did it affect the congressional elections in 1866?
Ans: It addressed civil rights and made civil rights for
African Americans a major issue in the elections.
Congress Takes Charge
40. What was the purpose of the Reconstruction Acts, and
how did they affect the South?
Ans: They were to protect African Americans rights;
divided the South into five military districts, required
new state constitutions and ratification of Fourteenth
Amendment, gave African Americans the right to vote
Radical Republicans Republican members of Congress
who felt that southern states
needed to make great social
changes before they could be
readmitted to the Union.
The Election of 1868
The Fifteenth Amendment
41. What did the Fifteenth Amendment achieve?
Ans: It gave African American men the right to vote
throughout the country
Section 3: Reconstruction in the South
Page 633
Reconstruction Governments\
42. What reforms did Reconstruction state governments
carry out?
Ans: They funded schools and other public institutions,
prohibited racial discrimination, and built or repaired
railroads, bridges, and public buildings.
Opposition to Reconstruction
43. What was the purpose of the Ku Klux Klan?
Ans: To oppose civil rights for African Americans
Carpetbaggers - Name given to
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northerners who moved to the
South during Reconstruction.
Scalawags - Name given to white
southerners who supported
Reconstruction for private gain;
roughly defined as "mean fellows."
Poll Tax - A special tax that a
person had to pay in order to vote.
Segregation - Forced separation
of people of different races in
public places.
Jim Crow Laws - Laws that
enforced segregation in the
southern states.
Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896 - U.S.
Supreme Court case that
established the separate-but-equal
doctrine for public facilities.
The End of Reconstruction
44. What issues led up to the Compromise of 1877, and how
did it affect Reconstruction?
Ans: Economic crisis, weakening congressional support
for Reconstruction, and disputed electoral votes given to
Hayes; federal troops were removed from the South.
Jim Crow and Plessy v. Ferguson
45. Why might the Plessy v. Ferguson decision make it hard
to establish racial equality?
Ans: By upholding Jim Crow laws, the decision made
segregation constitutional
Section 4: The New South page 639
Sharecropping
46. How did the sharecropping system limit the economic
freedom of southern farmers?
Ans: Cotton supply often exceeded demand; low prices
and unfair landowners kept sharecroppers in debt
Southern Industry
Southern Literature
Southern Music