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Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Section 1 – Metals
Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Section 1 – Metals
A.Properties of metals
Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Section 1 – Metals
A.Properties of metals
1. Conduct heat and electricity
Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Section 1 – Metals
A.Properties of metals
1. Conduct heat and electricity
2. Luster – reflect light well
Chapter 20 – Elements and Their Properties
Section 1 – Metals
A.Properties of metals
1. Conduct heat and electricity
2. Luster – reflect light well
3. Malleable – can be hammered or rolled
into sheets
4. Ductile – can be drawn into wires
4. Ductile – can be drawn into wires
5. Ionic Bonding – combine with nonmentals
by losing electrons
4. Ductile – can be drawn into wires
5. Ionic Bonding – combine with nonmentals
by losing electrons
6. Metallic Bonding – positively charged
metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of
electrons; ions are in sliding layers and
electrons are weakly held; readily form
ionic bonds with nonmetals
B.The Alkali Metals – softer and more
reactive than other metals
B.The Alkali Metals – softer and more
reactive than other metals
1. Highly reactive with oxygen and water;
don’t occur naturally as elemental forms
B.The Alkali Metals – softer and more
reactive than other metals
1. Highly reactive with oxygen and water;
don’t occur naturally as elemental forms
2. Combine readily with other elements due
to single electron in outer energy level
3. Multiple uses
3. Multiple uses
a. Human Health – sodium, potassium, and
lithium compounds
3. Multiple uses
a. Human Health – sodium, potassium, and
lithium compounds
b. Photocells – some depend on rubidium, or
cesium
3. Multiple uses
a. Human Health – sodium, potassium, and
lithium compounds
b. Photocells – some depend on rubidium, or
cesium
c. Francium – a radioactive element which
breaks down giving off particles and
energy
C.The Alkaline Earth Metals – not found
naturally in elemental form; two electrons
in outer energy level
C.The Alkaline Earth Metals – not found
naturally in elemental form; two electrons
in outer energy level
1. Applications – strontium and magnesium
found in fireworks; magnesium in
vehicles, ladders, and bats; calcium in
statues and countertops
C.The Alkaline Earth Metals – not found
naturally in elemental form; two electrons
in outer energy level
1. Applications – strontium and magnesium
found in fireworks; magnesium in
vehicles, ladders, and bats; calcium in
statues and countertops
2. Human body – calcium in bones; barium
in disease diagnoses; radium formerly
used in cancer treatment
D.Transition Elements – they often occur in
nature as uncombined elements
D.Transition Elements – they often occur in
nature as uncombined elements
1. Typically form colored compounds –
chromium found in rubies and emeralds
D.Transition Elements – they often occur in
nature as uncombined elements
1. Typically form colored compounds –
chromium found in rubies and emeralds
2. Iron triad – iron, cobalt, and nickel
D.Transition Elements – they often occur in
nature as uncombined elements
1. Typically form colored compounds –
chromium found in rubies and emeralds
2. Iron triad – iron, cobalt, and nickel
a. Iron – most widely used of all metals and
main ingredient in steel; abundant in
Earth’s crust
b. Cobalt and nickel – used in some steels
b. Cobalt and nickel – used in some steels
c. Nickel used to coat other metals
b. Cobalt and nickel – used in some steels
c. Nickel used to coat other metals
3. Copper, silver, gold – coinage metals since
once were commonly used in coins
b. Cobalt and nickel – used in some steels
c. Nickel used to coat other metals
3. Copper, silver, gold – coinage metals since
once were commonly used in coins
a. Copper – used in electric wiring because it
is a superior electricity conductor
b. Cobalt and nickel – used in some steels
c. Nickel used to coat other metals
3. Copper, silver, gold – coinage metals since
once were commonly used in coins
a. Copper – used in electric wiring because it
is a superior electricity conductor
b. Silver – used in photographic film and
paper; jewelry
c. gold – used in jewelry
c. gold – used in jewelry
4. Zinc, cadmium, mercury – group 12 on
period table
c. gold – used in jewelry
4. Zinc, cadmium, mercury – group 12 on
period table
a. Zinc and cadmium – often used to coat or
plate other materials
c. gold – used in jewelry
4. Zinc, cadmium, mercury – group 12 on
period table
a. Zinc and cadmium – often used to coat or
plate other materials
b. Mercury – only room temperature liquid
metal; used in thermometers and batteries
E. The Inner Transition Metals – seem
disconnected from the rest of the period
table
E. The Inner Transition Metals – seem
disconnected from the rest of the period
table
1. The Lanthanides – include lanthanum,
cerium, praseodymium, americium,
europium, gadolinium, and terbium
E. The Inner Transition Metals – seem
disconnected from the rest of the period
table
1. The Lanthanides – include lanthanum,
cerium, praseodymium, americium,
europium, gadolinium, and terbium
2. The Actinides – all are radioactive and
unstable; uranium is the best known
Section 2 – Nonmetals
Section 2 – Nonmetals
A.Properties of nonmetals – usually gases or
brittle solids at room temperature; are not
malleable or ductile; usually poor
conductors of heat and electricity; usually
not lustrous
Section 2 – Nonmetals
A.Properties of nonmetals – usually gases or
brittle solids at room temperature; are not
malleable or ductile; usually poor
conductors of heat and electricity; usually
not lustrous
1. Ionic compounds – form when nonmetals
gain electrons from metals and become
negative ions
2. Covalent compounds – form when
nonmetals share electron with other
nonmetals
2. Covalent compounds – form when
nonmetals share electron with other
nonmetals
B.Hydrogen – most common element in
universe
2. Covalent compounds – form when
nonmetals share electron with other
nonmetals
B.Hydrogen – most common element in
universe
1. A diatomic molecule – two atoms of the
same element in covalent bond
2. Covalent compounds – form when
nonmetals share electron with other
nonmetals
B.Hydrogen – most common element in
universe
1. A diatomic molecule – two atoms of the
same element in covalent bond
2. Highly reactive element found mostly on
Earth as part of water compound
C.The Halogens – include bromine, iodine,
fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
C.The Halogens – include bromine, iodine,
fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
1. A salt forms when a halogen gains one
electron from a metal
C.The Halogens – include bromine, iodine,
fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
1. A salt forms when a halogen gains one
electron from a metal
2. Use of halogens
C.The Halogens – include bromine, iodine,
fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
1. A salt forms when a halogen gains one
electron from a metal
2. Use of halogens
a. Chlorine – disinfectant and bleach
C.The Halogens – include bromine, iodine,
fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
1. A salt forms when a halogen gains one
electron from a metal
2. Use of halogens
a. Chlorine – disinfectant and bleach
b. Bromine – dyes in cosmetics
C.The Halogens – include bromine, iodine,
fluorine, chlorine, and astatine
1. A salt forms when a halogen gains one
electron from a metal
2. Use of halogens
a. Chlorine – disinfectant and bleach
b. Bromine – dyes in cosmetics
c. Iodine – hormone regulation
3. Sublimation – a solid changes directly into
a gas without first becoming a liquid
3. Sublimation – a solid changes directly into
a gas without first becoming a liquid
D.The Noble Gases – exist as isolated, stable
atoms
3. Sublimation – a solid changes directly into
a gas without first becoming a liquid
D.The Noble Gases – exist as isolated, stable
atoms
1. Helium – used in blimps and balloons
3. Sublimation – a solid changes directly into
a gas without first becoming a liquid
D.The Noble Gases – exist as isolated, stable
atoms
1. Helium – used in blimps and balloons
2. Neon, argon, and krypton – used in lights
Section 3 – Mixed Groups
Section 3 – Mixed Groups
A.Properties of metalloids – form ionic and
covalent bonds; have some metallic and
some nonmetallic properties; partial
conduction gives them semiconductor
characterisitics
Section 3 – Mixed Groups
A.Properties of metalloids – form ionic and
covalent bonds; have some metallic and
some nonmetallic properties; partial
conduction gives them semiconductor
characterisitics
B.The Boron Group – named for the first
element in Group 13
1. Boron – used in water softening products,
antiseptics, and fuels
1. Boron – used in water softening products,
antiseptics, and fuels
2. Aluminum – abundant in Earth’s crust;
used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building
materials, and aircraft
1. Boron – used in water softening products,
antiseptics, and fuels
2. Aluminum – abundant in Earth’s crust;
used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building
materials, and aircraft
C.The Carbon Group – four electrons in
outer energy level
1. Boron – used in water softening products,
antiseptics, and fuels
2. Aluminum – abundant in Earth’s crust;
used in cans, foil wraps, pans, building
materials, and aircraft
C.The Carbon Group – four electrons in
outer energy level
1. Carbon – found in coal, oil, natural gas,
and foods
2. Silicon occurs as an allotrope – same
element with different molecular structures
2. Silicon occurs as an allotrope – same
element with different molecular structures
a. Silicon found in sand, rocks, and soil
2. Silicon occurs as an allotrope – same
element with different molecular structures
a. Silicon found in sand, rocks, and soil
b. The main component in semiconductors,
which conduct electricity under certain
conditions
2. Silicon occurs as an allotrope – same
element with different molecular structures
a. Silicon found in sand, rocks, and soil
b. The main component in semiconductors,
which conduct electricity under certain
conditions
3. Germanium – also used in semiconductors
4. Tin – used to coat other metals
4. Tin – used to coat other metals
5. Lead – toxic, so no longer used in paint
4. Tin – used to coat other metals
5. Lead – toxic, so no longer used in paint
6. Diamonds, graphite, and
buckminsterfullerene are all allotropes of
carbon
Allotropes of Carbon - graphite and diamond
4. Tin – used to coat other metals
5. Lead – toxic, so no longer used in paint
6. Diamonds, graphite, and
buckminsterfullerene are all allotropes of
carbon
D.The Nitrogen Group – five electrons in
outer energy level; tend to form covalent
bonds
1. Nitrogen – used to make nitrates and
ammonia
1. Nitrogen – used to make nitrates and
ammonia
2. Phosphorus – used in water softeners,
fertilizers, match heads, fine china
1. Nitrogen – used to make nitrates and
ammonia
2. Phosphorus – used in water softeners,
fertilizers, match heads, fine china
3. Antimony and bismuth used with other
metals to lower their melting points
1. Nitrogen – used to make nitrates and
ammonia
2. Phosphorus – used in water softeners,
fertilizers, match heads, fine china
3. Antimony and bismuth used with other
metals to lower their melting points
E. The Oxygen Group or Group 16
1. Oxygen – makes up 20% of air, is used by
living things in respiration, and provides
protection from the Sun’s radiation
1. Oxygen – makes up 20% of air, is used by
living things in respiration, and provides
protection from the Sun’s radiation
2. Sulfur – used to form sulfides for pigment
in paint
1. Oxygen – makes up 20% of air, is used by
living things in respiration, and provides
protection from the Sun’s radiation
2. Sulfur – used to form sulfides for pigment
in paint
3. Selenium – used in photocopiers and
multivitamins
1. Oxygen – makes up 20% of air, is used by
living things in respiration, and provides
protection from the Sun’s radiation
2. Sulfur – used to form sulfides for pigment
in paint
3. Selenium – used in photocopiers and
multivitamins
4. Tellurium and polonium are also oxygen
group elements
F. Synthetic Elements – scientists create
elements not usually found on Earth;
synthetic elements usually disintegrate
quickly
F. Synthetic Elements – scientists create
elements not usually found on Earth;
synthetic elements usually disintegrate
quickly
1. Uranium can be made into neptunium
which forms plutonium when it
disintegrates
F. Synthetic Elements – scientists create
elements not usually found on Earth;
synthetic elements usually disintegrate
quickly
1. Uranium can be made into neptunium
which forms plutonium when it
disintegrates
2. Plutonium can be changed into americium,
which is used in smoke detectors
3. Transuranium elements have more than 92
protons and are synthetic and unstable
3. Transuranium elements have more than 92
protons and are synthetic and unstable
a. The student of synthesized elements helps
scientists to understand the forces holding
the nucleus together
3. Transuranium elements have more than 92
protons and are synthetic and unstable
a. The study of synthesized elements helps
scientists to understand the forces holding
the nucleus together
b. Element 114 lasted for 30 seconds
3. Transuranium elements have more than 92
protons and are synthetic and unstable
a. The student of synthesized elements helps
scientists to understand the forces holding
the nucleus together
b. Element 114 lasted for 30 seconds
c. It combined 114 protons with 175 neutrons
3. Transuranium elements have more than 92
protons and are synthetic and unstable
a. The student of synthesized elements helps
scientists to understand the forces holding
the nucleus together
b. Element 114 lasted for 30 seconds
c. It combined 114 protons with 175 neutrons
d. It broke apart due to enormous repulsion
between the protons