Download Labs 17,18

Bone Practical
Labs 17 + 18
Muscles
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Wed 7/11 @ 8am
40 – 50 stations
About half axial, half appendicular bones
Disarticulated bones: Skulls, partial skulls,
vertebrae, ribs, skeletons, arm bones, leg
bones, hand, foot, os coxa, sternum,
clavicle, scapula
• Know names and locations of all bones
and bone parts on the list
Muscle Labs
Final Practical
• Most of the labs for the next two weeks will
consist of looking at models and diagrams
to learn the muscles.
• The models will be the same models used
on the practical quizzes
• I will post these lectures on the website
• Covers head and face; neck; chest;
abdominal; and back and shoulder, upper
arm; lower arm; hip and thigh; upper leg;
and lower leg
• Brain and cranial nerves
Quiz format
• 40+ stations, about half with models and
half with B/W photocopies of figures
straight out of your book.
• 50 pts, plus bonuses
• Know locations, origins and insertions
(for the ones in bold on the muscle list)
and general functions
Divisions of the Muscular
System
1. Axial muscles:
– position head and spinal column
– move rib cage
– 60% of skeletal muscles
2. Appendicular muscles:
– support pectoral and pelvic girdles
– support limbs
– 40% of skeletal muscles
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Origins and Insertions
• Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment
(origin) and 1 moving point of attachment
(insertion)
• Most muscles originate or insert on the
skeleton
• Origin is usually proximal to insertion
Origin and Insetaions
• Fixed end in (b) below is the origin, while
moving end is the insertion
Figure 10–13
Actions
• Movements produced by muscle
contraction
• Body movements
– e.g., flexion, extension, adduction, etc.
Muscle Interactions
• Muscles work in groups to maximize
efficiency
• Smaller muscles reach maximum tension
first, followed by larger, primary muscles
• Described in terms of bone, joint, or region
Muscle Terminology
Based on Function
• Agonist (prime mover):
– produces a particular movement
• Antagonist:
– opposes movement of a particular agonist
Muscle Terminology
Based on Function
• Synergist:
– a smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist
– helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist
(fixator)
2
Muscle Opposition
• Agonists and antagonists work in pairs:
How does the name of a
muscle help identify its
location, appearance, or
function?
– when 1 contracts, the other stretches
– i.e., flexors–extensors, abductors–adductors,
etc.
Descriptive Names
for Skeletal Muscles
Names of Skeletal Muscles
• Correct names of muscles include the
term muscle
• Exceptions:
– platysma
– diaphragm
Location in the Body
• Identifies body regions:
– e.g., temporalis muscle
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Location in the body
Origin and insertion
Fascicle organization
Relative position
Structural characteristics
Action
Origin and Insertion
• First part of name indicates origin
• Second part of name indicates insertion:
– e.g., genioglossus muscle
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Fascicle Organization
• Describes fascicle orientation within
muscle:
– rectus (straight) = parallel to body or limb
– transversus = perpendicular to the midline
– oblique
Relative Position
• Externus (superficialis):
– visible at body surface
• Internus (profundus):
– deep muscles
• Extrinsic:
– muscles outside an organ
• Intrinsic:
– muscles inside an organ
Structural Characteristics
• Number of tendons (or heads):
– bi = 2, tri = 3
• Shape:
– trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid
• Size…
Names for Muscle Size (1 of 2)
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Longus = long
Longissimus = longest
Teres = long and round
Brevis = short
Magnus = large
Names For Muscle Size (2 of 2)
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Major = larger
Maximus = largest
Minor = small
Minimus = smallest
Action
• Movements:
– e.g., flexor, extensor, retractor
• Occupations or habits:
– e.g., risor = laughter
4
Naming Skeletal Muscles
Naming Skeletal Muscles –
contiuned
Table 11–1 (1 of 2)
Table 11–1 (2 of 2)
Lab 17
• Do the three activities, which include:
– Draw the sarcomere (use space at bottom of
page 239
Lab #18
• Due next week in lab
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Quiz 8 – Muscles I
Quiz format
• Next week: on head and face; neck; chest;
abdominal; and back and shoulder (20 pts)
• 20+ stations, about half with models and
half with B/W photocopies of figures
straight out of your book.
• 20 pts, plus bonuses
• Know locations, origins and insertions (for
the ones in bold on the muscle list) and
general functions (though you will need
to know functions mostly for the exam).
5
The Axial Muscles
• Divisions based on location and function:
What are the principle
axial muscles of the body,
their origins, insertions,
actions, and innervation?
6 Muscle Groups of
the Head and Neck
• 1. Muscles of facial expression:
– originate on skull
• 2. Extrinsic (outside) eye muscles:
(don’t need to know)
– muscles of head and neck
– muscles of vertebral column
– oblique and rectus muscles
– muscles of pelvic floor
6 Muscle Groups of
the Head and Neck
• 3. Muscles of mastication:
– move the mandible
• 4. Muscles of the tongue:
– names end in glossus (FYI)
• 5. Muscles of the pharynx:
– begin swallowing process (FYI)
6 Muscle Groups of
the Head and Neck
• 6. Anterior muscles of the neck:
– control position of larynx
– depress the mandible
– support tongue and pharynx
Muscles of Facial Expression
• Orbicularis oris:
– constricts the mouth opening
• Buccinator:
– moves food around the cheeks
• Corrugator supercilli – wrinkles forehead
• Orbicularis oculi – sphincter of eye
6
Muscles of the
Epicranium (Scalp)
Others
• Zygomaticus – pull skin of mouth up and
out when smiling
• Levator labii superiorus – raises upper
lip
• Depressor labii inferiorus – “pouting”
muscle
Muscles of Facial Expression
• Temporoparietalis
• Occipitofrontalis:
– frontal and occipital bellies
– separated by epicranial aponeurosis
• Platysma:
– covers anterior surface of neck
Muscles of Facial Expression
Figure 11–4a
Summary: Muscles of
Facial Expression
Table 11–2 (1 of 2)
Figure 11–4b
Summary: Muscles of
Facial Expression
Table 11–2 (2 of 2)
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3 Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of Mastication
• Masseter:
– the strongest jaw muscle
• Temporalis:
– helps lift the mandible
• Pterygoid muscles (FYI):
– position mandible for chewing
Figure 11–6
Summary: Muscles of
Mastication
Muscles of the Tongue
Don’t need to
know any of
these
Table 11–4
Muscles of the Neck
Figure 11–7
Anterior Muscles of the Neck
• Digastric:
– from chin to hyoid
– also hyoid to mastoid
• Platysma:
– covers anterior surface of neck
• Sternocleidomastoid:
– from clavicle and sternum to mastoid
Figure 11–9
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Summary:
Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Table 11–7
Today: Lab #18
• Examine the relevant muscles of the
head, jaw, and neck
• Remember: if it’s not on the list, you don’t
have to locate it or write about it in the lab
report
• Lab report for #18 due next week
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