Download Slides 12.1

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 12
The Lymphatic System
and Body Defenses
Slides 12.1 – 12.22
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Lymphatic System
 Consists of two semi-independent parts
 Lymphatic ___________
 Lymphoid _______________________
 Lymphatic system functions
 Transport fluids _________________
 Play essential roles in ____________ and
__________________ to disease
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Slide 12.1
Lymphatic Characteristics
 Lymph – __________________ carried
by lymphatic vessels
 Properties of lymphatic vessels
 _______________ system toward the heart
 __________________
 Lymph moves _______________ the heart
 Milking action of _____________muscle
______________of smooth muscle in
vessel walls
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Slide 12.2
Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymph Capillaries
 Walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves
 Fluid leaks into lymph _____________
 Capillaries are anchored to __________
tissue by filaments
 _________________ on the inside closes
minivalves
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Slide 12.3a
Lymphatic Vessels
Figure 12.1
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Slide 12.3b
Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymphatic
collecting vessels
 Collects lymph
from
_______________
_____________
 Carries lymph
______________
from lymph nodes
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Figure 12.2
Slide 12.4a
Lymph
 Materials returned to the blood
 ______________
 ______________
 ______________
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Slide 12.5a
Lymph
 Harmful materials that enter lymph
vessels
 ________________
 ________________
 ________________
 ________________
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Slide 12.5b
Lymph Nodes
 ________ lymph before it is returned to
the blood
 Defense cells within lymph nodes
 _______________ – engulf and destroy
foreign substances
 ________________ – provide immune
response to antigens
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Slide 12.6a
Lymph Nodes
Figure 12.3
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Slide 12.6b
Lymph Node Structure
 Most are kidney-shaped, less than _____
long
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Slide 12.7a
Other Lymphoid Organs
 Several organs
contribute to
lymphatic
function
 __________
 _____________
 ____________
 _____________
Figure 12.5
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Slide 12.9
The Spleen
 Located on the ________ of the
abdomen
 Filters blood
 ___________ worn out blood cells
 _________ blood cells in the ______
 Acts as a blood _________
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Slide 12.10
The Thymus
 Located low in the throat, overlying the
____________
 Functions at peak levels only during
___________________
 Produces ______________ (like
thymosin) to program lymphocytes
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Slide 12.11
Tonsils
 Small masses of lymphoid tissue
around the _____________
 Trap and remove _________ and other
foreign materials
 Tonsillitis is caused by
______________________
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Slide 12.12
Peyer’s Patches
 Found in the wall of the
______________________
 Resemble ___________ in structure
 ______________________ bacteria in
the intestine
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Slide 12.13
Body Defenses
 The body is constantly in contact with
______________________________
 The body has ___________ defense
systems for foreign materials
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Slide 12.15a
Nonspecific Body Defenses
 Body surface coverings
 ____________
 __________________ membranes
 Specialized human cells
 ________________ produced by the
body
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Slide 12.16
Surface Membrane Barriers –
First Line of Defense
 The skin
 ___________barrier to foreign materials
 pH of the skin is _____ to inhibit bacterial
growth
 _______ is toxic to bacteria
 Vaginal secretions are very
______________
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Slide 12.17a
Surface Membrane Barriers –
First Line of Defense
 Stomach mucosa
 Secretes _____________________
 Has ____________________ enzymes
 Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain
________________
 Mucus traps _______________ in
digestive and respiratory pathways
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Slide 12.17b
Defensive Cells
 Natural killer cells
 Can
_______________
cancer cells
 Can destroy
_________infected cells
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Figure 12.6b
Slide 12.18b
Inflammatory Response Second Line of Defense
 Triggered when body tissues are injured
 Produces four cardinal signs
 ______________
 ______________
 ______________
 ______________
 Results in a chain of events leading to
protection and healing
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Slide 12.19
Functions of the Inflammatory
Response
 Prevents spread of ______________
 Disposes of cell __________________
 Sets the stage for repair
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Slide 12.20
Steps in the Inflammatory Response
Figure 12.7
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Slide 12.21
Antimicrobial Chemicals
 Interferon
 Secreted __________ of virus-infected cells
 Bind to __________cell surfaces to inhibit
viruses __________.
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Slide 12.22c
Fever
 ______________ high body
temperature
 ______________ heat regulation can
be reset by pyrogens (secreted by white
blood cells)
 ______________ inhibit the release of
iron and zinc from liver and spleen
needed by bacteria
 Fever also ________________ of tissue
repair
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Slide 12.23
Specific Defense: The Immune
System – Third Line of Defense
 _____________ specific – recognizes
and acts against particular foreign
substances
 ____________ – not restricted to the
initial infection site
 _____________ – recognizes and
mounts a stronger attack on previously
encountered pathogens
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Slide 12.24
Types of Immunity
 Humoral immunity
 Cells produce chemicals for _________
 Cellular immunity
 Cells target ___________________ cells
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Slide 12.25
Allergies
 Many small molecules (called haptens
or incomplete antigens) _______ with
our own __________
 The immune system may____________
and _________ to a protein-hapten
combination
 The immune response is harmful rather
than protective because it attacks our
________________
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Slide 12.28
Cells of the Immune System
 Lymphocytes
 Originate from hemocytoblasts in the
__________________
 B lymphocytes become __________________
in the bone marrow
 T lymphocytes become immunocompetent in
the _____________
 Macrophages
 Arise from monocytes
 Become widely distributed in ____________
organs
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Slide 12.29
Active Immunity
 Your B cells
encounter
__________
and produce
___________
 Active immunity
can be _______
or _________
acquired
Figure 12.12
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Slide 12.34
Passive Immunity
 Antibodies are obtained from someone
else
 Conferred naturally from a _________ to
her __________
 Conferred artificially from __________ or
________________
 Immunological memory does _____
occur
 Protection provided by
“___________antibodies”
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Slide 12.35
Organ Transplants and Rejection
 Major types of grafts
 ____________ – tissue transplanted from
one site to another on the same person
 __________ – tissue grafts from an
identical person (identical twin)
 _____________ – tissue taken from an
unrelated person
 ___________ – tissue taken from a
different animal species
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Slide 12.46a
Organ Transplants and Rejection
 __________ and ____________ are
ideal donors
 _____________ are never successful
 ____________ are more successful
with a closer tissue match
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Slide 12.46b
Disorders of Immunity: Allergies
(Hypersensitivity)
 Abnormal, vigorous immune responses
 Types of allergies
 Immediate hypersensitivity
 Triggered by release of __________ from IgE
binding to mast cells
 Reactions begin within _________________ with
allergen
 _____________________ – dangerous, systemic
response
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 12.47a
Disorders of Immunity: Allergies
(Hypersensitivity)
 Types of allergies (continued)
 Delayed hypersensitivity
 Triggered by the release of
___________from activated helper T
cells
 Symptoms usually appear _______ after
contact with antigen
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Slide 12.47b
Disorders of Immunity:
Immunodeficiencies
 Production or function of immune cells
or _______________ is abnormal
 May be ____________ or acquired
 Includes AIDS –
____________________________
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Slide 12.49
Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune
Diseases
 The immune system does not
distinguish between ______and
____________
 The body produces ___________ and
sensitized T ______________ that
attack its own tissues
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Slide 12.50a
Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune
Diseases
 Examples of autoimmune diseases
 Multiple sclerosis – _________ of brain and
spinal cord are destroyed
 _______________ – impairs
communication between nerves and
skeletal muscles
 Juvenile diabetes – destroys
__________________ that produce insulin
 Rheumatoid arthritis – destroys joints
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Slide 12.50b
Disorders of Immunity: Autoimmune
Diseases
 Examples of autoimmune diseases
(continued)
 Systemic _______________ (SLE) –
affects kidney, heart, lung and skin
 Glomerulonephritis – impairment of
______________ function
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Slide 12.50c
Self Tolerance Breakdown
 ________________ lymphocyte
programming
 Appearance of self-proteins in the
circulation that have not been exposed
to the immune system
 Eggs
 Sperm
 Eye lens
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Slide 12.51a
Self Tolerance Breakdown
 Cross-reaction of antibodies produced
against foreign antigens with selfantigens
 ________________ fever
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Slide 12.51b
Developmental Aspects of the
Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
 Except for __________________, the
lymphoid organs are poorly developed
before birth
 A newborn has
_______________________ only passive
immunity from the mother
 If lymphatics are removed or lost, severe
___________ results, but vessels grow
back in time
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Slide 12.52