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A Nation Divided (1848-1854)
18.1 The Debate Over Slavery
The Expansion of Slavery
• Victory over Mexico added 500,000 square miles
to the US
• The Missouri Compromise brought in Missouri
as a slave state
– It also divided Louisiana into free and slave territories
– Slavery was not allowed north of latitude 36 30’
• President Polk wanted the line to extend to the
Pacific Ocean
The Expansion of
Slavery
• WILMOT PROVISO
• A proposed plan to outlaw
slavery in the new territory
• Was popular in the North, but
was defeated in Congress by
the powerful South
• SECTIONALISM
• When people in on region favor
their interests over the interests
of the entire country
The Expansion of Slavery
• POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
– Plan that would allow territories to decide on
slavery by themselves
– People decide
– During the election of 1848, neither Democrat
nor Whig would take a stand on slavery
The Expansion of Slavery
• ZACHARY TAYLOR
– Wins the election by a
narrow margin
– California becoming a
state upset the balance
between slave and free
states
The Compromise of 1850
• The Compromise had five main points:
• Let California come in as a free state
• Use popular sovereignty to decide slavery in New
Mexico
• Pay off Texas’s debts to settle a land dispute with
New Mexico
• End slave trade, but not slavery, in Washington DC
• A new, more effective fugitive slave law was called
for
• This plan came under fire by both sidesDon’t destroy the balance
The Compromise of 1850
• DANIEL WEBSTER
• Believed that preserving
the Union was more
important then any
regional difference
• Said slavery was not
necessary in the West
• The Compromise
became law in
September of 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act
• It became a federal crime to
help runaway slaves
• Officials could make arrests
in areas where slavery was
illegal
• Fugitives would be brought
before a Commission
• Judge would decide on
ownership
• The accused fugitives could
not testify in there defense
The Fugitive Slave Act
• The judge received $10 if he
ruled for the slave owner and
$5 for the accused
• Helping a slave could get you
6 months in jail and a $1000
fine
• Only 1 of 343 accused were
set free
• Northerners wanted a trial by
jury
• Abolitionists lead the protest
The Fugitive Slave Act
• ANTHONY BURNS
– Abolitionist tried to
free him
– A deputy was killed
– He returned a slave
Antislavery Literature
• UNCLE TOM’S CABIN
– Antislavery novel written
by Harriet Beecher
Stowe
– Book talked about the
cruelty of slavery and
sold 2 million copies
– Angers the South, but
the North embraces it
A Nation Divided (1848-1854)
18.2 Trouble in Kansas
The Election of 1852
• FRANKLIN PIERCE
• Little known politician from New Hampshire
• Was nominated by the Democrats-the South
believes he is one of them
• The Whigs choose WINFIELD SCOTT
• The war hero
• South doesn’t trust him
• Pierce wins by a landslide
The Kansas- Nebraska Act
• STEPHEN DOUGLAS
– Congressman wanted a
railroad to the Pacific
– All land to the west would
have to be federal land
– Land would probably
become fee states!
• Southern congressmen
changed their votes on
Douglas's plan if Missouri
was opened up for slavery
The Kansas Nebraska Act
• KANSAS NEBRASKA ACT
– Two territories would be formed, popular
sovereignty would be used, and slavery could
be legal above 36 30’
• Northerners were against it, but the south
had strong support
• The law passed in 1854
• They forgot about Douglas’s railroad until
1862
Bleeding Kansas
• Both anti and pro slavery
groups rush to get people to
Kansas
• 2 governments form in
Kansas, one pro and on anti
slavery
• Both sides are armed
• Violence breaks out-people
are killed and houses are
burned to the ground
Bleeding Kansas
• JOHN BROWN
• Abolitionist who punished pro-slavery people
• He and his sons kill five proslavery men in
on night
• Civil war breaks out and 200 people are
killed
Bleeding Kansas
• CHARLES SUMNER
– A senator who gives a speech
against slavery in Kansas
– Insults a Southern senator and is
beaten down by one of the
senator’s relatives with a walking
cane
• The South praises the attack!!
A Nation Divided
18.3 Political Divisions
New Divisions
• REPUBLICAN PARTY
– Political unrest leads to this party being formed
– People from several political groups unite to fight
slavery in the West
• The democratic and Whig parties are divided
over the Kansas Nebraska Act
• Most Northern Democrats who voted for it lose
there jobs
• All the Whigs did!!
The Election of 1856
• The Democrats would not
nominate anyone associated
with the K-N Act
• They choose JAMES
BUCHANAN
• The Republicans choose JOHN
FREMONT
• He and the party are against
slavery and get little support
outside of the free states
The Election of 1856
• The Whigs become the
KNOW NOTHINGS and
lose with MILLARD
FILMORE
• Some southern whites said
they would not accept a
Republican and leave the
US
• Buchanan wins!
The Dred Scott Case
• Scott was a slave who had
gone with his master up
North
• He sued for his freedom while
in a free state
• Supreme Court had to rule on
three points
• Was Scott a US citizen
• If he spent time on free soil, does
that make him free?
• Was the ban on slavery in parts
of the Louisiana Purchase
constitutional?
The Dred Scott Case
• The Supreme Court ruled that Scoot was
not a citizen and had not rights
• He was a piece of “property”
• Slave restrictions above 36 30’ were ruled
unconstitutional
• Southern whites cheered the decision
• North was stunned
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• ABRAHAM LINCOLN
– Was a Whig, now a Republican
– Wants to halt slavery
• In 1858, Lincoln runs for the Senate form
Illinois
• Challenges Stephen Douglas
• Thousands attend each of 7 debates
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• Lincoln declares that African Americans
are his equal
• Douglas hoped this comment would ruin
Lincoln
• Lincoln also said that the country could not
remain half slave and half free
• Lincoln loses the debates and the senate
seat, but his strong showing makes him a
force in the Republican Party
A Divided Nation
18.4 Secession
The Raid on
Harpers Ferry
• JOHN BROWN
• He was known for is anti slavery killings in Kansas
• Fled east and tried to start slave uprising
• “Talk! Talk! Talk! This will never free the slaves!
– He planned to attack a federal arsenal, take
the weapons, and arm the slaves
The Raid on Harpers Ferry
• October 16, 1859, John Brown and his 19
men attack Harpers Ferry, Virginia
• No slaves rose up to help him for fear of
punishment
• 10 of Brown’s men were killed and the rest
captured including Brown
Judging John Brown
• Brown is sentences to death and is hanged on
December 2, 1859
• Many Northerners mourned this death
• Lincoln didn’t want slavery, but felt violence was
the wrong way to go
• Southern whites felt threatened
• What if a second John Brown attacked?
• A Southern newspaper states, “The sooner we
get out of the Union, the better!”
The Election of 1860
• The Democrats can’t agree and
finally choose JOHN
BRECKINRIDGE
• Believes in slavery out west
• The Whigs form the
CONSTITUTIONAL UNION
PARTY and select JOHN BELL
• Slave holder, but against the K-N Act
The Election of 1860
• The Republicans choose Lincoln because his
moderate views on slavery won’t upset the
whole country
• Lincoln wins less than 40% of the popular votes
• Other candidates spilt the votes but come up
short
• Lincoln does not win any of the Southern states
• People fear the South is losing its political power
Breaking with the Union
•
•
•
•
Lincoln scares the South
Will he end slavery?
He says don’t worry, but it has to end some time
4 days after the election, S. Carolina’s
government meets to consider the question of
SECESSION: withdrawing from the Union
• S.Carolina votes to leave the Union
• There is nothing in the Constitution against it
The Confederate States of America
• By February 19=861,
Mississippi, Florida,
Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas
had left the Union
• In Texas, Governor Sam
Houston is kicked out
for tying to stop it
• JEFFERSON DAVIS
– Is elected president of
the Confederacy