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• how muscles work – in general • muscles that move the mandible • abdominal wall muscles • anterior and posterior • inferior and superior • inguinal hernia’s • muscles that move the humerus and scapula • rotator cuff tears, impingement syndrome • muscles that move the femur • sprains, strains and “Charley horse” • muscles that move the foot • shin splints, anterior compartment syndrome • Achilles tendon injuries skeletal cardiac smooth Connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscle Tendon Deep fascia 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell Muscle cells are multinucleated Epimysium Epi = upon, above Perimysium Peri = around Endomysium Endo = within Myo, mys = muscle Working out Atrophy & aging Steroids Muscle attachments Origins Attachments: • Proximal • Distal • Direct • Indirect Insertion Origins Bellies Insertion Ligaments: bone to bone Tendons: muscle to bone Muscle to muscle via tendon sheet Muscle to skin Aponeurosis Muscle actions: • agonist • antagonist • synergist • fixator Biceps brachii Brachialis Triceps brachii What does this muscle do? X 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Blink Smile Move your tongue Move your neck Chew Not sure 0% 0% 1 2 0% 0% 3 4 0% 0% 5 6 Moving the mandible Mandibular fossa 1. Depress & elevate 2. Medial & lateral excursion 3. Protraction & retraction Muscles that move the mandible Temporalis Lateral pterygoid Masseter • attachments • actions Medial pterygoid Depress mandible • gravity • digastric muscle • geniohyoid & mylohyoid • when hyoid is fixed Temporalis massater Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid Mylohyoid Digastric Muscles that move (and protect) the abdomen/trunk Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis External oblique • Attachments • Actions Linea alba B C D A Rectus sheath (aponeurosis) Abdominal wall • abdominal muscles • back muscles • quadratus lumborum • Psoas (iliopsoas) • diaphragm • pelvic diaphragm • “holes” in the wall • hernia (hiatal) • congenital or acquired Important postural muscles normal rigid slumped Parietal peritoneum Inguinal canal – men & women intestines scrotum Inguinal hernia Spermatic cord Deltoid • attachments • actions (on humerus) • abduct (lateral fibers) • flex, medially rotate (anterior fibers) • extend, laterally rotate (posterior fibers) • attachments • actions • flexion (agonist) • adduction • medial rotation • elevate ribs 4 Rotator cuff muscles Supraspinatus • abduct Infraspinatus •Extend •Laterally rotate Teres minor • adduct • laterally rotate Subscapularis • medially rotate Scapula movers & stabilizers Levator scapulae • elevate scapula • flex neck Rhomboids • retract • elevate • fix scapula • rotate downward Trapezius • elevate, rotate upward (S) • retract (M) • depress (I) • extend neck • flex laterally (one trap) Trapezius Rhomboids Deltoid Teres major Triceps Latissimus dorsi Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis Levator scapulae Impingement syndrome Rotator cuff tears Hamstring group: flex knee, extend hip Muscle strains from quick extensions G. minimus G. Medius piriformis G. Maximus Gluts: extend, abduct, laterally rotates femur Piriformis: abduct, laterally rotates femur G. Maximus Tensor Fasciae Latae • flex femur • abducts femur • medially rotates femur • stabilizes knee Iliotibial Band (IT band) Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL) • flex • abduct • med. rot Rectus Femoris • flex hip • extend knee Patellar tendon Vastus lateralis vastus intermedius Vastus medialis • extend knee • Charley horse • patella tracking Iliopsoas • flex hip Lateral rotators • piriformis • obturator externus Adductors • adduct femur • flex hip • flex knee • (lateral rotation) Groin pull Iliopsoas TFL Sartorius Adductors quads Glut max & medius hamstrings Piriformis Sciatic nerve gastrocnemius Attachments of the gastrocnemius Attachments of the soleus Actions of the gastrocnemius 1. Flex the knee 2. Plantarflex the foot Actions of the soleus 1. Plantarflex the foot Achilles tendon calcaneus Ruptured Achilles tendon Pulled calf muscle Tibialis Posterior Tibialis anterior Attachments Actions Shin pain: Shin splints Compartment syndrome Intramuscular injection sites Deltoid muscle Vastus lateralis Left arm Gluteal region- right side Right leg
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