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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The Skeletal
System
5
PART B
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Fractures
 Fracture—break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture—broken bone
penetrates through the skin
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction and
immobilization
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Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
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Repair of Bone Fractures
 Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
 Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
 Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
 Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent
patch
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
Internal
callus
(fibrous
tissue and
cartilage)
External
callus
Bony
callus of
spongy
bone
New
blood
vessels
Healed
fracture
Spongy
bone
trabecula
Hematoma
formation
Fibrocartilage
callus formation
Bony callus
formation
Bone remodeling
Figure 5.5
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
Hematoma
formation
Figure 5.5, step 1
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
External
callus
Internal
callus
(fibrous
tissue and
cartilage)
New
blood
vessels
Spongy
bone
trabecula
Hematoma
formation
Fibrocartilage
callus formation
Figure 5.5, step 2
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
External
callus
Internal
callus
(fibrous
tissue and
cartilage)
Bony
callus of
spongy
bone
New
blood
vessels
Spongy
bone
trabecula
Hematoma
formation
Fibrocartilage
callus formation
Bony callus
formation
Figure 5.5, step 3
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma
Internal
callus
(fibrous
tissue and
cartilage)
External
callus
Bony
callus of
spongy
bone
New
blood
vessels
Healed
fracture
Spongy
bone
trabecula
Hematoma
formation
Fibrocartilage
callus formation
Bony callus
formation
Bone remodeling
Figure 5.5, step 4
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Skeleton
 Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
 Divided into three parts
 Skull
 Vertebral column
 Bony thorax
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6a
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6b
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The Skull
 Two sets of bones
 Cranium
 Facial bones
 Bones are joined by sutures
 Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable
joint
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Human Skull, Lateral View
Figure 5.7
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Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
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Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
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Cranium
 Frontal Bone-forms forehead, eyebrows, top of
eye orbit
 Parietal Bones-superior and lateral walls of
cranium
 Sagittal suture-where parietal bones meet at
midline of skull
 Coronal suture-parietal and frontal bones meet
 Squamous sutures-join parietal and temporal
bones
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Cranium
 Temporal bones-inferior to parietal bones
 External acoustic meatus-leads to eardrum and
middle ear
 Styloid process-neck muscles attach
 Zygomatic process-part of cheek
 Mastoid process-neck muscles attach
 Jugular foramen-allows passage of the jugular
vein
 Internal acoustic meatus-cranial nerves VII and VIII
 Carotid canal-allows passage of carotid artery,
supplies blood to brain
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Cranium
 Occipital Bone-most posterior bone of the
cranium, forms floor and and back wall of skull
 Lambdoid suture-joins occipital bone and
parietal bones
 Foramen magnum-large hole where spinal
cord connects to brain
 Sphenoid Bone-floor of cranial cavity
 Sella turica-enclosure for pituitary gland
 Foramen Ovale-cranial nerve V passes thru to
muscles of lower jaw
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Cranium
 Ethmoid Bone-forms roof of nasal cavity
 Crista galli-outermost covering of the brain
attaches here
 Cribiform plates-allow nerve fibers from the
olfactory receptors to reach the brain
 Superior and middle nasal conchae-form
lateral walls of nasal cavity
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Human Skull, Anterior View
Figure 5.11
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Facial Bones
 Maxilla-fuse to form upper jaw
 Palatine process-forms anterior part of the
hard palate in mouth
 Palatine Bones-posterior of hard palate
 Zygomatic bones-cheekbone
 Lacrimal bones-passage way for tears
 Nasal bones-form bridge of nose
 Vomer bone-bony part of septum (middle of nose)
 Mandible-largest and strongest bone in face, only
freely moving joint
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Paranasal Sinuses
 Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal
cavity
 Functions of paranasal sinuses
 Lighten the skull
 Give resonance and amplification to voice
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Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 5.10a
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Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 5.10b
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The Hyoid Bone
 The only bone that does not articulate with
another bone
 Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
 Aids in swallowing and speech
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The Hyoid Bone
Figure 5.12
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