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Essentials of Dental Radiography
for Dental Assistants and Hygienists
NINTH EDITION
CHAPTER
22
Recognizing Normal
Radiographic Anatomy
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Objectives
• Define the key words.
• Provide three rationales for why it is
important to recognize and identify normal
anatomical landmarks of the face and
head.
• Describe and identify the facial and cranial
bones.
• Differentiate between the lamina dura and
the periodontal ligament space.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Objectives
• Describe and identify the radiographic
appearance of all structures of the teeth.
• Name significant anatomical landmarks of
the maxilla and mandible.
• Identify significant anatomical landmarks
normally seen on intraoral radiographs of
the maxilla and mandible.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
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Alveolar bone
Alveolar process
Alveolus
Angle of mandible
Anodontia
Anterior nasal spine
Apical foramen
Cancellous bone
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
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Cementum
Condyle
Coronoid process of the mandible
Cortical bone
Dentin
Dentition
Enamel
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
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Exfoliation
External auditory meatus (foramen)
Frontal bone
Genial tubercles
Hamulus
Impacted teeth
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
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Incisive (anterior palatine) foramen
Inferior border of mandible
Inverted Y
Lamina dura
Lateral fossa
Lingual foramen
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
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Mandible
Mandibular canal
Mandibular foramen
Mastoid process
Maxilla
Maxillary sinus
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
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Maxillary tuberosity
Median palatine suture
Mental foramen
Mental fossa
Mental ridge
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
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Mylohyoid ridge
Nasal bones
Nasal conchae
Nasal fossa (cavity)
Nasal septum
Nutrient canal
Nutrient foramen
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
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Oblique ridge
Occipital bone
Periodontal ligament (PDL)
Permanent teeth
Primary teeth
Pterygoid plates
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
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Pulp chamber
Ramus
Septum
Sphenoid bone
Styloid process
Submandibular fossa
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
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Supernumerary teeth
Suture
Symphysis
Temporal bone
Torus mandibularis (lingual torus)
Trabecular bone
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Key Words
•
•
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Tuberosity (maxillary)
Zygoma
Zygomatic arch
Zygomatic process
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Introduction
• The importance of learning to identify
normal radiographic anatomy may be
summarized as follows:
– To evaluate the image receptor for correct
positioning so that the areas of interest and
anatomical structures are clearly visible,
enhancing the diagnostic value of the
radiograph
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Introduction
• The importance of learning to identify
normal radiographic anatomy may be
summarized as follows:
– To assist with determining into which frame of
the x-ray mount each radiograph is to be
mounted
– To assist in interpreting radiographs and
recognizing a deviation from the normal that
would require referral to the dentist for
evaluation
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-1 Frontal view of the skull.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-2 Lateral view of the skull.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-3 Frontal view of the nose.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-4 Palatal view of maxilla.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-5 Lateral view of detached mandible.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-6 Lingual view of detached mandible.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Radiographic Appearance of the
Alveolar Bone and Tooth Area
• Bone
– Lamina dura
– Periodontal ligament space
– Nutrient canals
• Teeth
– Dentition
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-7 Drawing of mandibular premolar–molar area.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-8 Radiograph of mandibular premolar area showing (1) dentin, (2) enamel, (3) pulp chamber, (4)
periodontal ligament space, (5) lamina dura, (6) pulp (root) canal, and (7) cancellous (trabecular) bone. Note that
because only a very thin layer of cementum covers the root, it is radiographically indistinguishable from the underlying
dentin.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-9 Radiograph of mixed dentition in mandibular canine area showing (1) primary canine, (2) primary
first molar with partially resorbed roots, (3) permanent canine, and (4) permanent first premolar with incomplete root
formation.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-10 Facial bones recorded on radiographs. Note the position of the PID when exposing a maxillary
posterior periapical radiograph. The zygomatic arch will most likely be recorded on this radiograph.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
TABLE 22-1 Radiopaque and Radiolucent Features
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-11 Sequence for interpreting normal radiographic anatomy.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy Basics, Intraoral
Radiographs
• Anatomy observed on intraoral
radiographs of the maxillary anterior
region
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-12 Drawing of maxillary midline area illustrating (1) outline of nose, (2) incisive foramen (anterior
palatine foramen), (3) lateral fossa, (4) nasal fossa, (5) nasal septum, (6) border of nasal fossa, (7) anterior nasal spine,
and (8) median palatine suture.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-13 Radiograph of maxillary midline area showing (1) incisive (anterior palatine) foramen, indicated by an
irregularly shaped, rounded radiolucent area, (2) outline of the nose, (3) lateral fossa, (4) nasal fossa (radiolucent), (5)
nasal septum, (6) border of nasal fossa, (7) anterior nasal spine, and (8) median palatine suture.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-14 Drawing of maxillary canine area. The drawing shows the (1) lateral fossa, (2) nasal fossa, (3)
inverted Y (intersection of the borders of nasal fossa and maxillary sinus), and (4) maxillary sinus. (5) Note the dense
radiopaque area caused by overlapping of the mesial surface of the first premolar over the distal surface of the canine.
This overlapping is common in this region of the oral cavity because of the curvature of the arch.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-15 Radiograph of maxillary canine area showing (1) lateral fossa, (2) nasal fossa, (3) inverted Y
(intersection of the borders of the nasal fossa and maxillary sinus), (4) maxillary sinus, and (5) dense radiopaque area
caused by overlapping of the mesial surface of the first premolar over the distal surface of the canine. This overlapping
is common in this region of the oral cavity because of the curvature of the arch.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-16 Soft tissue of the nose in the path of the x-ray beam. Note that the soft tissue of the nose will be in
the path of the x-ray beam in this exposure. The resultant radiograph will most likely show an image of the soft tissue,
outlining the tip of the nose.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-17 Soft tissue image of the nose. (1) The resultant image of the soft tissue of the nose is often magnified
to a large size. According to the rules of shadow casting (see Chapter 4), the further an object is from the image
receptor, the more likely that object will appear magnified. The tip of the nose is at an increased distance from the
intraoral image receptor, resulting in a magnification of the size of the nose.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy Basics, Intraoral
Radiographs
• Anatomy observed on intraoral
radiographs of the maxillary posterior
region
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-18 Drawing of maxillary premolar area illustrating (1) border (floor) of maxillary sinus, (2) maxillary sinus,
(3) septum in maxillary sinus dividing the sinus into two compartments, (4) zygomatic process of maxilla, (5) zygoma,
and (6) lower border of zygomatic arch.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-19 Radiograph of maxillary premolar area showing (1) border (floor) of maxillary sinus, (2) maxillary
sinus, (3) zygomatic process of maxilla, (4) septum in maxillary sinus dividing the sinus into two compartments, (5)
zygoma, and (6) inferior border of the zygomatic arch.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-20 Drawing of maxillary molar area illustrating (1) border (floor) of maxillary sinus, (2) maxillary sinus,
(3) zygomatic process of maxilla, (4) zygoma, (5) septum in maxillary sinus, (6) lower border of zygomatic arch, (7)
hamulus (hamular process), (8) maxillary tuberosity, and (9) coronoid process (mandible).
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-21 Radiograph of maxillary molar area showing (1) border (floor) of maxillary sinus, (2) maxillary sinus,
(3) zygomatic process of maxilla, (4) zygoma, (5) lateral pterygoid plate, (6) lower border of zygomatic arch, (7)
maxillary tuberosity, and (8) coronoid process of the mandible.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-22 Radiograph of maxillary molar area showing (1) hamulus (hamular process), a downward projection
of the medial pterygoid plate, (2) lateral pterygoid plate, (3) coronoid process of the mandible, (4) maxillary tuberosity,
and (5) maxillary sinus.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-23 Coronoid process of the mandible may be recorded on intraoral radiographs of the maxillary
posterior region. Note the position of the image receptor holder when exposing a maxillary posterior periapical
radiograph. The coronoid process of the mandible will most likely be recorded on this radiograph.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy Basics, Intraoral
Radiographs
• Anatomy observed on intraoral
radiographs of the mandibular anterior
region
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-24 Drawing of mandibular midline area illustrating (1) mental ridge, (2) nutrient canal, (3) nutrient foramen,
(4) genial tubercles surrounding the (5) lingual foramen, and (6) inferior border of mandible.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-25 Radiograph of the mandibular midline area showing (1) mental ridge, (2) nutrient canal, (3) nutrient
foramen, (4) genial tubercles surrounding the (5) lingual foramen, and (6) inferior border of the mandible (radiopaque
band of dense cortical bone).
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-26 Drawing of mandibular canine area illustrating (1) nutrient canal, and (2) torus mandibularis (lingual
torus).
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-27 Radiograph of mandibular canine area showing (1) nutrient canal, (2) torus mandibularis (lingual
torus).
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anatomy Basics, Intraoral
Radiographs
• Anatomy observed on intraoral
radiographs of the mandibular posterior
region
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-28 Drawing of mandibular premolar area illustrating (1) torus mandibularis, (2) oblique ridge, (3)
mylohyoid ridge, (4) submandibular fossa, (5) mandibular canal, and (6) mental foramen.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-29 Radiograph of mandibular premolar area showing (1) submandibular fossa, (2) thin radiolucent line
indicating the periodontal ligament space, (3) thin radiopaque line representing the lamina dura, and (4) the mental
foramen.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-30 Radiograph of mandibular premolar area showing (1) small torus mandibularis (lingual torus).
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-31 Drawing of mandibular molar area illustrating (1) oblique ridge, (2) mylohyoid ridge, (3)
submandibular fossa, and (4) mandibular canal.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Figure 22-32 Radiograph of mandibular molar area showing (1) oblique ridge, (2) mylohyoid ridge, (3) mandibular
canal (note the thin, parallel radiopaque lines representing the canal walls), and (4) submandibular fossa.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Review: Chapter Summary
• Knowledge of the anatomical landmarks of
the face and skull is needed to properly
position the image receptor, to clearly
image the area of interest, to assist in
mounting intraoral radiographs, and to
develop the ability to interpret radiographs
and recognize deviations from normal.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Review: Chapter Summary
• A systematic procedure is helpful to the
beginning radiographer in learning to
identify normal radiographic anatomy.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Recall: Study Questions
• General
• Chapter Review
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Reflect: Case Study
• Your colleague is viewing a full mouth
series of radiographs that he just finished
mounting. As he is describing the following
features, see if you can tell him the name
of the anatomic landmark.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Reflect: Case Study
1. A dense, vertical radiopacity separating
two paired oval radiolucencies observed
in the maxillary anterior region.
2. Large, paired oval radiolucencies
separated by a dense, vertical radiopacity
observed in the maxillary anterior region.
3. A thin radiolucent line resembling a
fracture observed between the maxillary
central incisors.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Reflect: Case Study
4. A round or pear-shaped radiolucency
observed between the maxillary central
incisors.
5. A broad, U-shaped radiopacity observed
superimposed over the maxillary posterior
teeth roots
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Reflect: Case Study
6. A radiopaque downward projection of
bone that appears pointed or hook-like
observed in the far posterior region of the
maxilla.
7. A large triangular shaped radiopacity
observed superimposed over the
maxillary tuberosity region.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Reflect: Case Study
8. A large radiolucency outlined by a thin
radiopaque border that is observed in
almost all the periapical radiographs of
the maxilla, from the canine posteriorly.
9. A very small, round radiolucency
observed in the midline apical (below) the
mandibular incisors.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Reflect: Case Study
10.A horizontal radiopaque line extending
from the premolar region to the
symphysis.
11.A round radiolucency that resembles an
abscess observed near the apex of the
mandibular second premolar.
12.A horizontal radiopaque line observed in
the mandibular posterior region,
superimposed across the molar roots.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Reflect: Case Study
13.Another horizontal radiopaque line
observed in the mandibular posterior
region, but inferior to (below) the line
described in #12 above. This line is
observed inferior to the molar roots.
14.A large, irregularly shaped radiolucency
observed below the line described in #13
above.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Relate: Laboratory Application
• Proceed to Chapter 22, Laboratory
Application, to complete this activity.
Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition
Evelyn M. Thomson • Orlen N. Johnson
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.