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Hydrosphere
Water of the Earth!!
Water Cycle
Evaporation – liquid water changes
into water vapor. (apply heat)
p.1
Transpiration – where plants give off
water vapor p.1
Evapotranspiration
p.1
• evaporation + transpiration in one word
Sublimation – solid straight to gas
p.1
• Solids that are introduced to high heat over a
short period of time can skip the liquid phase.
Typical phase change
Solid → Liquid → Gas
Sublimation
Solid → Gas
Condensation – when water vapor rises into
the atmosphere it cools, then forms clouds.
p.2
Condensation leads To
Precipitation
p.2
• Rain, sleet, snow: any form of water falling
to earth.
Water Storage on Earth p.2
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Ice Caps
Snow
Oceans
Lakes
Ground Water
Water Budget
p.3
• The continuous cycle of
evapotranspiration, condensing, and
precipitation gives us the earth’s water
budget.
• Usually is balanced for any given area.
• World Water Budget is not balanced.
What might be some reasons why?
Local Water Budgets
• Rain forest
• Desert
• Michigan
Some places are losing fresh
water.
Water Conservation
What Can We Do?
• Great Lakes – Water Losses
• Be Involved – vote for laws to save our
Great Lakes.
Bottled Water
• Empty your bottles before you throw them
away!
• Plastic Does Not break down in a landfill!
That water is locked up forever.
Lower Consumption
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Install water conserving toilets
Less watering of lawns
Shorter showers
Fix leaks
Turn off water when
Brushing teeth
Government Help
Quiz
13.2 River Systems
• Tributaries – feeder streams to river
system
• Water shed – drainage basin
• Divides – elevated ground to separate
water sheds
• Gully – narrow ditch
• Runoff – water that is not soaked into soil
Watershed
Mississippi River Water Shed
Great Lakes
Stream Erosion
• Channel – path the steam follows
• Headward erosion – process of
lengthening and branching of stream
• Stream piracy – capturing water from other
water sheds through erosion
Erosion
Channel Erosion
• banks – edges of stream channel above water
• Bed – part of the stream below water level
• Stream Loads – materials carried by stream including
water, soil, rocks, minerals
• Loads:
• 1. Suspended - fine and silt (floating by speed, velocity)
• 2. Bed – coarse sand, gravel, pebbles (slides and rolls)
• Saltation – short jumps
• 3. Dissolved - TDS
Discharge and Gradient
• Discharge – volume of water moved by
stream
• Gradient – steepness of its slope
• Velocity – speed of stream
• Headwaters - beginning
Niagra Falls
Frozen Niagra Falls
Water and Wind Gaps
• Water gap – erosion of earth rising causes
water to need to go uphill
• Ex. Delaware water gap
• Wind gap – notch created where water
can no longer pass
Stages of a River System
• Youthful rivers – rapid erosion of bed, v-shaped
valley, steep banks, waterfalls and rapids, few
tributaries, less water
• Mature rivers – well established tributaries,
erosion of banks, low gradient, meanders
forming, oxbow lake
• Old rivers – lower gradient, slower, more
meaders, fewer tributaries, little erosion,
deposits sediments
• Rejuvenated rivers – gradient of stream
becomes steeper resulting in steplike terraces
(Miss. River, Tequm lower falls)
Assignment
• Pg. 251 #1-5
13.3 Stream Deposition
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rocks
Stones
Pebbles
Gravel
Course sand
Fine sand
silt
Deltas and Alluvial Fans
• Greatest deposition at area stream dumps
into large body of water
• Delta – fan shaped deposit at mouth of
river
• Alluvial fan – load causing flatten out after
a step slope
• 1. sediments on dry ground, delta wet
• 2. coarse sand and gravel, delta mud
• 3. sloped whereas delta flat
Flood Deposits
• Floodplain – deposits of silt and sand
• Springtime - ^with snowmelt v
evapotranspiration
• Ice jams
• Natural levees – deposits silt and sand
Flood Control
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Indirect methods:
1. Forestation
2. Soil conservation to prevent runoff
Direct methods:
1. dam (electric, irrigation, human
conception and recreation)
• 2. levees
• 3. overflood channels
Assignment
• Pg. 255 #1-5
• Pg. 256-57 #1-12