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The Muscular System
Support Systems
Unit 2
Vocabulary- combining forms
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Cardi/o
heart
Fasci/o
fascia, connective tissue
Fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
Leiomy/o
smooth muscle
Muscul/o
muscle
My/o
muscle
Ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o tendon
Vocabulary- prefixes
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A- or anAbAdBiHemiHyperIntraQuadriTri-
without or not
away
towards
two
half
excessive, above normal
within
four
three
Vocabulary- suffixes
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-algia
-ar
-ceps
-cyte
pain
pertaining to
heads
cell
• -duction
act of leading
• -genesis
production of
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-itis
-oma
-osis
-pathy
inflammation
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-plasty
-plegia
-rrhaphy
-rrhexis
-tome
-tomy
-trophy
tumor
abnormal condition
disease
• -um
surgical repair
paralysis
sutures
rupture
instrument to cut
incision
development,
nourishment
structure, thing
Vocabulary- abbreviations and terms
• MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
• Antagonist
the muscle that does the opposite motion
• Agonist
prime mover, the muscle that does
most of the work
• Insertion
the distal attachment/ the moving end
• Involuntary
does not need conscious thought
• Origin
the proximal attachment/ the stable end
• Striations
striped
• Synergist
• Thermogenesis
• Voluntary
helper muscle
heat production
needs conscious thought
Functions of the Muscular System
• Heat Production (thermogenesis)
– Heat is a byproduct of muscle
contraction
• Movement Facilitation
– Muscles shorten and pull on bones
which produces movement
• Structure (postural support)
– Contraction of muscles keeps us
upright and maintains posture
Functions cont.
• Protection of Internal Organs
– Contraction of abdominal muscles causes them to
become hard and offers protection to the underlying
organs
– Other muscles can contract prior to receiving a blow
thus protection bones and soft tissue.
• Controls the volume of hollow
organs
– Smooth muscle surrounds our hollow organs and
contractions propel the substances through them, aid
in their emptying, or helps control their volume
• Stomach and small intestines
• The bladder
• Blood vessels
Types of Contractibility
• Voluntary- contractions
controlled by conscious thought or
will
• Involuntary- contract due to
unconscious impulses sent by the
autonomic nervous system or
certain specialized cells or
hormones
Muscle Appearance
• Striated- stripes, muscles that on
a microscopic level have cross fiber
stripes
• Non-striated- Not having stripes,
muscles cells that microscopically
have a smooth appearance
Cardiac Muscle
• Forms the bulk of heart wall
(Myocardium)
• Striated
• Involuntary (typically)
• Cardiac fibers typically have
a centrally located nucleus
• Intercalated discs
– Strengthens cardiac muscle
tissue
– Allows for special wringing
muscle contraction
Smooth Muscle
• Located in walls of hollow
internal surfaces such as:
– blood vessels
– urinary bladder
- stomach
- intestines
• Non-striated in appearance
• Involuntary (typically)
• Contractions usually move
things along, from point A to
point B (peristalsis)
Skeletal Muscle
• Attached to bones
• Striated appearance under a
microscope
• Voluntary control (conscious
control)
• Allow for postural support and
movement of body parts, both
axial and appendicular
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Tendons
• Connect muscle to bone
• Made of dense fibrous
connective tissue that
surrounds the muscle belly
and extends further,
becoming tendon
Muscle Actions
• Agonist- the prime mover, or the
muscle that does the most work
• Antagonist- the muscle that does the
opposite motion
• Fixator- holds the body part in place
while the action takes place
• Synergist- the helper muscle, assists in
making the motion happen
Motions
• Peristalsis- a wave like motion by
smooth muscle to advance substances
• Abduction- movement away from
midline
• Adduction- movement towards
midline
• Flexion- decreasing a joint angle
• Extension- increasing a joint angle
• Hyperextension- extension past
normal extension, or past anatomical
position
Motions
• Plantarflexion- specific to ankle
motion, pointing the toes
• Dorsiflexion- specific to ankle motion,
pulling the toes towards the shin
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Supination- turning palm up
Pronation- turning palm down
Rotation- movement around an axis
Circumduction- cone shaped motion
Origin vs. Insertion
• Origin- the most proximal end of
the muscle, the non moving end, or
where the muscle starts
• Insertion- the distal end of a
muscle, the moving end, or where
the muscle goes to
Location and Function of Skeletal Muscles
• Biceps Brachii
– Origin: anterior shoulder
– Insertion: anterior elbow
– Action: elbow flexion
• Triceps Brachii
– Origin: posterior shoulder
– Insertion: posterior elbow
– Action: elbow extension
Location and Function of Skeletal Muscles
• Trapezius
– Origin: cervical and thoracic spine
– Insertion: spine of the scapula
– Action: extends or hyperextends the head
and neck, (also helps with shoulder retraction and
elevation and depression)
• Latissimus Dorsi
– Origin: Lower thoracic and lumbar spine as
well as the pelvis
– Insertion: proximal humerus
– Action: extends a flexed arm or
hyperextends the arm from the anatomical
position
Location and Function of Skeletal Muscles
• Deltoid
– Origin: clavicle and spine of the
scapula
– Insertion: lateral humerus
– Action: shoulder abduction
• Pectoralis Major
– Origin: upper ribs along the sternum
and clavicle
– Insertion: humerus
– Action: adduction
Location and Function of Skeletal Muscles
• Rectus Abdominis
– Origin: anterior lower ribs
– Insertion: pubic bones
– Action: lumbar spine flexion
• Diaphragm
– Origin: central tendon (fibrous tissue)
– Insertion: circumference of lower rib
cage
– Action: expands chest for breathing
Location and Function of Skeletal Muscles
• Quadriceps (group of 4 muscles)
– Origin: anterior pelvis and proximal
femur
– Insertion: anterior tibia
– Action: knee extension
• Hamstrings (group of 3 muscles)
– Origin: ischium and posterior femur
– Insertion: posterior tibia and fibula
– Action: knee flexion
Location and Function of Skeletal Muscles
• Gluteus Maximus
– Origin: ilium, sacrum, and coccyx
– Insertion: femur
– Action: extends hip
• Gastrocnemius
– Origin: femur
– Insertion: calcaneus (heel bone)
– Action: plantar flexes ankle (when knee is
straight)
• Soleus
– Origin: tibia and fibula
– Insertion: calcaneus (heel bone)
– Action: plantar flexes ankle (when knee is bent)
Anterior Skeletal Muscles
Posterior Skeletal Muscles
Diseases and
Disorders of the
Muscular System
Tendonitis
• Tendonitis is characterized by Inflammation of
the tendons due to overuse or age-related
changes of the tendon.
• It is common in individuals who begin a new
exercise or increase their level of exercise.
• Age-related tendonitis is due to the loss of
elasticity and the ability of the tendon to glide
smoothly.
• Treatment includes: rest, ice, compression, and
elevation (RICE).
Strains
• A tearing of a muscle or
its attaching tendon
• Occurs when a muscle
receives a stress that
overcomes its strength
– Sudden, quick heavy
lifting
– During sports
– While performing work
tasks
Strains cont.
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3 types of strains
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1st degree occurs when the muscle is stretched
causing micro-tears in the muscle fibers
2nd degree sprain occurs when the muscle or
tendon is partially torn
3rd degree sprain occurs when the muscle is
completely ruptured
Signs and symptoms
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Pain, especially when the muscle is contracting
which limits function, swelling, and bruising
Treatment
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Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (RICE)
Muscle Spasm
• An involuntary muscle contraction
• Also called a “Charlie Horse” or
“muscle cramp”
• Main causes are electrolyte
imbalances, dehydration and
fatigue
Muscle Spasm cont.
• Initial treatment is to put the muscle
that has the spasm on stretch
– If spasm persists ice or heat can be
used
• Prevention incudes maintaining a
proper diet, drinking plenty of water
and proper conditioning
– Sports drinks may be beneficial
during exercise to help replace lost
sodium due to sweating
Muscular Dystrophy
• An inherited disorder in which
the muscles are missing a
certain protein causing
degeneration of muscle tissue
• Causes progressive weakness
and loss of function of the
affected muscles
• There is no cure but physical
therapy can lessen the severity
of the disorder.