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Unit 7 Objectives
1. Describe the properties and functions of muscle tissue. (p. 178)
2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level. (p. 178)
3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. (pp.
182–184)
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use energy to power
contractions. (pp. 189–192)
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp. 193–195)
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain their
implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of structure and
function. (pp. 194–195)
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their origins and
insertions. (pp. 199–204)
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together with their
origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
12. Describe the effects of exercise and aging on muscle tissue. (p. 216)
Unit 7
1. Describe the properties and functions of
muscle tissue. (p. 178)
Unit 7
1. Describe the properties and functions of muscle tissue. (p. 178)
The integrated action of joints, bones,
nerves and skeletal muscles…
• Produces movements such as walking,
running, facial expressions, eye
movements, and respiration.
• Maintains posture, joint stability.
• Supports, protect and encloses vital organs.
• Helps to maintain body temperature by
producing heat.
• Guards the “gates” into and out of our bodies
(ex. The iris of the eye).
Unit 7
2. Describe the organization of muscle at the
tissue level. (p. 178)
Muscle Organization I
Muscle Organization II
Muscle Organization III
Unit 7
2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level. (p. 178)
Movement is attained due to a muscle
moving an attached bone.
* DUH!
* Origin
* Muscle
Contracting
* Tendon
* Insertion
Unit 7
2. Describe the organization of muscle at the tissue level. (p. 178)
* Bone
* Perimysium
* Blood
Vesseles
*Muscle
Fiber
*Fascicle
*Tendon
*Epimysium
*Endomysium
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a
sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
* Sarcomere
}
* sarcolemma
}
* Myofibril
* Nuclei
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Myonuclei identified
along the length of an
isolated muscle fiber.
Because a muscle fiber is not a single cell,
its parts are often given special names
such as:
• Sarcolemma for plasma membrane
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum for
endoplasmic reticulum
• Sarcosome for mitochondrion
• Sarcoplasm for cytoplasm
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Skeletal
Muscle
Contractile
Unit
* Motor Neuron
* Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
* Action Potential
* Myofibrils
* Transverse
or T-Tube
* Z-Line
* Sarcomere
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
* Z-Line
Skeletal Muscle
Contractile Unit
* Sarcomere
* Actin
* Myosin
A single myofibril from a muscle fiber.
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit
* Sarcomere
* Actin
* Myosin
* Z-Line
* A Band
~ Thick
* I Band
~ Thin
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit Terms
I-bands (isotropic) contain only thin myofilaments.
iso- means equal , tropic- means turning
A-bands (anisotropic) contain both thin and
thick myofilaments.
an- means without
Z-line (German for Zwischenscheiben,
meaning “between disks”)
M-line (German for Mitte, meaning “middle”)
Unit 7
3. Identify the structural components of a sarcomere. (pp. 179–182)
Changes in Skeletal Muscle Contractile Unit
Band/Line
Contracted
Muscle
Stretched
Muscle
A-band
?
No Change
?
No Change
I-band
?
Shortens
Z-line
Moves?closer
together
?
Lengthens
Moves?further
apart
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the
contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber.
(pp. 182–184)
Muscle Contraction Animation
Contraction of skeletal muscle
Muscle Contraction Movie
Cross Bridging Cycle
Muscle Contraction Animation
Overview
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Tension
?
?
Resistance
?
?
Unit 7
Contraction
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Quick Facts…
• Every skeletal muscle fiber is under the
direct control by a neuron at a neural
muscular junction.
• When an action potential arrives at a neural
muscular junction and is transferred
across the sarcolemma, the contraction
process begins.
• When an action potential reaches a muscle
fiber it will cause Ca+2 ions to seep out
of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the
myofibrils starting contraction.
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Neural Control of Muscle Contraction
Synaptic
Vesicle
ACHe
ACH Receptor
Sites
Sarcolemma of
Motor end plate
Synaptic Terminal
Membrane
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 1: Release of Acetylcholine (ACh)
Synaptic
Vesicle
ACh
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 2: Ach Binding at Motor End Plate
Na+
Na+
Sarcolemma
membrane
becomes
permeable
to Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 3: Action Potential Conduction by
Sarcolemma
Action
Potential
Propagation
AChE removing ACh
in synaptic cleft
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Neuromuscular Junction
Synapse
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Molecular Events of the Contraction Process
Actin
Active
subunits
Myosin
Tropomyosine
Troponin
Fiber &
Inside
Myosin-Actin
& fibera
Head
sacromere at
Cross-bridge
rest… site
Attachment
(in the absence
+2)
of Ca
ADP
P
“Cocked” or Primed
Myosin Head
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 1: Active-site exposure
Ca+2 binds to
Troponin
ADP
P
Ca+2
Tropomyosine
slides off the
active site
Ca+2
Active
Myosin-Actin
P
Cross-bridge
Attachment
site
Ca+2 released from the Sacroplasmic
Reticulum
is uncovered
arrives at the sacromere.
ADP
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 2: Cross-bridge Attachment
ADP
Ca+2
P
ADP
P
Ca+2
Attachment of
myosin head to
exposed active
site on the thin
filament of the
actin fiber
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 3: Pivoting of myosin head
ADP
P
Ca+2
Ca+2
ADP
P
The myosine
Myosin
heads
head pivot
releases
ADP
action
thrusts
and
P
the
actin fiber
resulting
in a
to the leftof
“pivoting”
contracting
the head
the
sacromere
toward
the
by a small
center
of the
amount
sacromere
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 4: Cross-bridge deattachment
ATP
Ca+2
Ca+2
ATP
Myosin heads
deattachs
from the
active site on
the actin fiber
when it binds
with another
ATP
ATP can be supplied by aerobic or anaerobic cellular
respiration or via CPATP cycle (page 190)
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Step 5: Myosin reactivation
Myosin heads
ADP
Become
P
“cocked” or
Ca
reactivated
again as they
Ca
split ATP into
ADP and P
ADP
P
and capture
the bond
The entire attachment –reattachment energy
contraction
that is
cycle begins again until Ca+2 or ATP is removed.
released
+2
+2
Unit 7
4. Explain the key steps involved in the contraction of a skeletal
muscle fiber. (pp. 182–184)
Review: Sliding Filament Cross-Bridge Theory
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle
contractions. (pp. 187–189)
 Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
 Number of Muscle Fibers Involved
 Flavors of Contraction: Isotonic & Isometric
 Anti-Contraction : Muscle Elongation
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Quick Facts…
• Muscles are composed of 1,000’s of fibers.
• Individual muscle fibers either 100%
contracted or are 100% at rest known
as the “all-or-nothing” principle”
• A “twitch” along a single muscle fiber is a
complete contraction cycle…
at rest  contraction  at rest
• The “recruited” more motor units into a
contraction cycle, increases “tension”.
• Repeated stimulation before relaxation
results in more “twitches”;summation.
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Twitch: Development of Tension
Ca+2
levels
dropbegins
and cross-bridging
declines.
Action
Cross-bridging
Potential
Sweeps
between
Across myosin
the Sarcolemma.
and actin.
Resting
Phase
Maximum tension
development
Latent
Period
Contraction
Phase 
Stimulus
Relaxation
Phase 
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
Tension
Stimulation
Summation of
twitches
increases a
muscle …
POWER
OUTPUT!
Time
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
Tension
Maximum
Tension
A muscle producing
maximum tension
through repeated
summation is said to
reach a state called ….
Incomplete tetanus
Time
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Frequency of Muscle Fiber Stimulation
Tension
SR can’t reclaim Ca+2 fast enough for relaxation.
Maximum
Tension
A muscle producing
maximum tension
through repeated
summation while not
allowing relaxation is
said to reach a state
called ….
Complete tetanus
Time
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Number of Muscle Fibers Involved
Skeletal
Muscle
Fascicle
Threshold / Motor Unit
Low / Blue
Medium / Green
Strong / Yellow
Highest / Red
Muscle Fibers / Cells
Motor Unit
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Quick Facts…
• Muscles at rest maintain a “relaxed”
tension created by various contracting
motor units; this tension, called
muscle tone helps maintain our
posture.
• If a muscle fiber is not stimulated on a
regular basis is will atrophy, or
become smaller and weaker.
• Severe atrophy results in muscle fiber
death. Dead fibers are not replaced.
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Quick Facts…
• Muscle contractions come in two flavors:
Iso- equal, tonic- tension
• Isotonic contraction … a contraction that
results in the shortening of the entire
muscle as it maintains a constant
tension before relaxing.
Iso- equal, metric- length
• Isometric contraction … caused by a
increase of tension that does not result
in the shortening of the muscle or the
moving a joint or any other oject.
Unit 7
5. Compare the different types of muscle contractions. (pp. 187–189)
Anti-Contraction : Muscle Elongation
• Muscle only actively contract !
• Muscles passively relax or elongate or…
• Gravity can cause the mass of the
contracted, shorten muscle to “drop”
or elongate during its relaxation
cycle…
• The “memory” of elastic connective tissue
surround muscle fibers “uncoil” after a
contraction…
• The contraction of an “opposing” muscle
stretches out its relaxed antagonist.
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which
muscles obtain and use energy to
power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use
energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
Quick Facts…
• Muscle contractions require large amounts
of energy (~6 x1014 ATP/sec/muscle fiber)
• Most of this energy is generated “on-demand”.
• ATP is an energy-transfer molecule not an
energy storage molecule.
• Resting muscles (RM) transfer the energy
stored in ATP to Creatine forming
Creatine Phosphate (CP) and ADP. CP
can then be used to convert ADP back into
ATP “on demand”.
• CP levels in RM’s are > ATP levels.
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use
energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
Quick Facts…
• Aerobic cellular respiration in mitochondria is
used to recycle ADP + P + energy ATP
during rest through moderate levels of
activity.
• When muscular activity uses up the available
supplies of oxygen and or ATP and CP,
available energy stored in the fiber’s
glycogen deposits are converted through
glycolysis to form ATP anaerobically.
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use
energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
ATP ~ Adenosine TriPhosphate
Life’s “Rechargeable Battery”
Adenine
3 Phosphate Groups
Ribose
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use
energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
ATP ~ Adenosine TriPhosphate
Unstable
Life’s……………………“Rechargeable
Battery”
“Trapping Energy”
“Releasing Energy”
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use
energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
ATP ~ Adenosine TriPhosphate
Because large amounts of ATP
unstable…
in resting muscle cells are
…excess ATP transfers its third high energy
~P to a polypeptide called creatine forming
creatine phosphate or CP.
ATP + Creatine
ADP + Creatine
Creatine
Phosphate
Phosphokinase
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use
energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
ATP ~ Adenosine TriPhosphate
Energy
from Cellular
Respiration
ATP
When Cellular
ATP is Low
PO4
Creatine
Energy
for Muscle
Contraction
When Cellular
ATP is High
Creatine
PO4
Phosphate
ADP
ATP Cycle  ADP + CP  ATP
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use
energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
ATP ~ Adenosine TriPhosphate
C-C bond energy in organic molecules can be
released and trapped in molecules of ATP
using the Krebs/ citric acid / tricarboxilic acid
cycle; a slower but more efficient aerobic
process. Or…
Energy could be released and trapped in
molecules of ATP using glycolysis; a quick
but less efficient anaerobic process
These processes prefer C-C bonds found in…
1st Carbohydrates > 2nd Lipids > 3rd Proteins
Unit 7
6. Describe the mechanisms by which muscles obtain and use
energy to power contractions. (pp. 189–192)
Quick Facts…
• Muscle fatigue can be caused by a prolonged
oxygen debt, a by-product of glycolysis,
called lactic acid, a decrease in the pH of
the muscle fiber, or just a lack of ATP.
• A period of muscle recovery follows muscle
fatigue, in which pre-fatigue conditions or
pre-exertion level are re-established.
• Muscle recovery requires muscular,
cardiovascular and hepatic systems to
work together in order to reach homeostatic
levels after heavy muscular exertion.
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers
to muscular performance.
(pp.193–195)
8. Distinguish between aerobic
and anaerobic endurance and
explain their implications for
muscular performance.
(p.192)
Unit 7
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain
their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
First some vocabulary…
Aerobic ~
Any process that requires oxygen is
said to be an aerobic process.
Like rusting, fire, or cellular respiration…
Anaerobic ~
Any process that does not require
oxygen is said to be an anaerobic
process.
Like fermentation or glycolysis…
Unit 7
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain
their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
Some more vocabulary…
Endurance ~
The ability to continue a given task.
The amount of time an individual
can perform a task.
Power ~
The amount of work or energy
expended in a given amount of time.
The maximum amount of tension
a muscle group can produce.
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp. 193–
195)
Type I vs. Type II Fibers
Two different types of muscle fiber can
be found in most skeletal muscles.
Dark vs. White vs. Pink “flesh”
“Chicken vs.“Chicken vs. “Human
Thigh”
Breast”
muscle”
The Type I and Type II fibers differ in
their…
• Structure,
• Biochemistry and
• Performance
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp. 193–
195)
Type I vs. Type II Fibers
Type I
(slow)
Type
II a
(fast)
Type
II b
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp. 193–
195)
Type I, Red, or Aerobic Muscle Fibers …
• Also known as "slow-twitch" fibers, take
3x longer to contract after stimulation,
• Activated by small-diameter, thus slowconducting, motor neurons,
• Muscles containing many slow-twitch fibers
have Egreater vascular support.
• ERich in myoglobin and hence red in color,
• Depend on cellular respiration for ATP
production, contain Emany mitochondria,
• EResistant to fatigue, and are dominant in
muscles that are responsible for posture.
Unit 7
7. Relate types of muscle fibers to muscular performance. (pp. 193–
195)
Type II, White, or Anaerobic Muscle Fibers…
• PAlso known as "fast-twitch" fibers,
• PTwice the diameter (more sacromeres) and
are more common then Type I fibers,
• Activated
by large-diameter,
thus fastMost skeletal
muscles contain
some
conducting,
motor
neurons,
mixture
of Type
I and
Type II fibers, but a
• single
Low in motor
myoglobin
rich contains
in glycogen
unit and
always
one
hence
are whitish
color,never both.
fiber type
or the in
other,
• Depend on glycolysis for ATP production,
therefore they contain few mitochondria,
• Fatigue easily, dominant in muscles used
for rapid and fine motor movements.
Unit 7
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain
their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
Now we can consider how…
Muscular Performance…
A measure of how a muscle or
muscle group responds to
perform a task of any intensity.
depends upon…
• The “muscle fiber” makeup of the muscle
and…
• The physical conditioning of the person!
Unit 7
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain
their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
Fast Fiber Conditioning
Improves a muscle or muscle groups ability
to sustain a short -term high tension effort
by…
“Bulking-Up” or Increasing the number of
myofibrils in fast-twitch fibers (increasing its
diameter)
 Increasing the standing supplies of
glycogen/glucose (remembering that these
fibers use glycolysis, an anaerobic reaction)
Unit 7
8. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance and explain
their implications for muscular performance. (p. 192)
Slow Fiber Conditioning
Improves a muscle or muscle groups ability
to sustain a long-term low tension effort by…
“CardioVascular Training”… increasing the
bodies ability to supply oxygen to the
muscles by increasing lung capacity, RBC
count & RBC hemoglobin content. (blood doping)
 “Carbo-Loading”… preparing for and
improving the bodies ability to elevate the
blood glucose levels on demand (remember,
these fibers use aerobic respiration).
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
muscles in terms of structure and
function. (pp. 194–195)
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Skeletal
•Moves bones
•Voluntary, capable of great work, but
tires easily
Smooth
•Found around organs, such as the
intestines and stomach
•Involuntary, capable of sustained
work for very long periods of time
Cardiac: heart beat, capable of
sustained work, mainly involuntary!
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle : Types
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Location
Attached
to bone
Heart
Walls of
hollow organs
blood vessles
and glands
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Cell Shape
Long,
cylindrical
Branched
Spindleshaped
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Nucleus
Multiple,
peripheral
Usually
single,
central
Single,
central
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Special Features
Intercalated
disks
Cell-to-cell
attachments
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Striations
Yes
Yes
No
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Autorythmic
No
Yes, smooth
sustained,
& rythmic
No
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Control
Voluntary
Involuntary
Involuntary
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Muscle Type: Function
Move the
whole
body
Heart
contraction to
propel blood
through the
body
Compression
of organs,
ducts,
glands, etc.
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Cardiac muscle fibers are…
• Smaller (than skeletal)
•Have a single nucleus
• Less extensive T-tubule system
• Myofilaments/fibrils organized as sarcomeres
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Cardiac muscle fibers…
• Have extensive cell-to-cell
Autonomic
nervous
system:
connections
at gap
junctions that:
the part (the
of the
nervous system
• Add strength
intercalated
disks)
thatdirect
supplies
stimulation
to the
• Permits
transmission
of electrical
muscles,
likejunctions)
the
signalsinvoluntary
from cell-to-cell
(the gap
smooth
andintrinsic
cardiacconduction
muscles, system
• Provides
its own
to the
considered
so thatand
it does
notglands,
rely upon
a neural action
“visceral
organs”.
potential
to initiate
contraction.
• Rate and force of contraction is controlled
by the autonomic nervous system however.
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Smooth muscle fibers …
• Are smaller than skeletal and cardiac,
• Occur in bundles/sheets of short
fibers,
• Contraction are stimulated and controlled by
the autonomic nervous system.
• Do not end in tendons since they don’t attach
or pull on bones!
• Do not have troponin attached two the actin
fibers
• Have an extensive network of gap junctions
between adjacent cells.
Unit 7
9. Contrast skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles in terms of
structure and function. (pp. 194–195)
Smooth muscle fibers …
• Rather than organized arrays of thick
and thin filaments, actin-based thin filaments
and myosin-based thick filaments are
dispersed throughout the cytoplasm in a
seemingly random manner.
• The thin filaments are attached to the plasma
membrane and to cytoskeletal elements.
• The thick filaments are distributed through
the cytoplasm (like the plastic webbing
in a bag used to package fruit and
vegetables)
Unit 7
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the
body together with their origins and
insertions. (pp. 199–204)
Unit 7
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their
origins and insertions. (pp. 199–204)
Origins & Insertions
• Pretend you were a puppet 
• Imagine strings attached to your
body at the origins and insertions of
skeletal muscles.
• Pick a muscle and touch these
locations and in you imagination
“string” that part of your puppet” (you)
• What would happen if you pulled the
string from the “origin’s” end?
Unit 7
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their
origins and insertions. (pp. 199–204)
Origins & Insertions
HINT: The largest
part of the muscles
mass is closer to the
origin of the muscle
Unit 7
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their
origins and insertions. (pp. 199–204)
*Sternocleidomastoid
*Trapezius
*Deltoid
*Teres minor
*Teres major
*Infraspinatus
*Latissimus
dorsi
Posterior,
Dorsal
View
Unit 7
10. Identify the principal axial muscles of the body together with their
origins and insertions. (pp. 199–204)
*Orbicularis oris
*Sternocleidomastoid
*Deltoid
*Masseter
Anterior,
Ventral
View
*Pectoralis major
*Trapezius
*Serratus anterior
*External oblique
*Rectus abdominis
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular
muscles of the body, together with their
origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together
with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
*Rectus femoralis
*Gracilis
*Sartorius
*Vastus medialis
Anterior,
Ventral
View
*Vastus lateralis
*Gastronemius
*Fibularis
* Soleus
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together
with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
*Gluteus medius
*Gluteus maximus
*Gracilis
*Abductor magnus
*Biceps femoris
*Gastronemius
*Sartorius
Posterior,
Dorsal
View
* Soleus
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together
with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
* Tibialis anterior
*Gastronemius
* Soleus
* Fibularis muscle(s)
* Extensor digitorum
Laterial
View
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together
with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
*Brachioradius
*Flexor carpi ulnaris
Anterior View
*Biceps brachii
Unit 7
11. Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, together
with their origins and insertions. (pp. 204–216)
*Brachioradius
*Triceps brachii
*Extensor
carpi ulnaris
*Extensor
carpi radialus
*Extensor
digitorum
*Flexor
carpi ulnaris
Posterior View
Unit 7
12. Describe the effects of exercise and
aging on muscle tissue. (p. 216)
Unit 7
12. Describe the effects of exercise and aging on muscle tissue. (p.
216)
Unit 7