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Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 c.e.
Chapter Outline
I. The Church in the Early Middle Ages
II. The Merovingians and Carolingians
III. New Patterns
IV. The Revival of Trade and Towns
V. The Church in the High Middle Ages:
1000–1348
VI. The Crusades
VII. The Development of European States:
1000–1348
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
I. The Church in the Early Middle Ages
A. The Early Medieval Papacy, 600–1000
Gregory I, the Great (590–604)
temporal power
B. Missionary Activities of the Church
Ulfilas (c. 311–383)
Arian
converts Visigoths
Gothic Bible
Ireland
then to Scotland, England, Francia,
Italy
C. The Preservation of Knowledge
Latin corpus
Boethius (c. 480–525)
Plato, Aristotle into Latin
Cassiodorus (c. 490–c. 585)
scriptoria
Book of Kells
Venerable Bede, 8th century
Ecclesiastical History of the
English people
Northumbria
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
II. The Merovingians and Carolingians
Germanic Kingdoms
A. Franks under Clovis (d. 511)
Germanic/Roman
into Empire by 400
Gaul by 481
Merovingian dynasty
Clovis
conversion
> Papal alliance
Invasions
Slavs
Muslim Arabs
B. The Carolingians
Merovingians weak by 600
Mayors of the Palace
Charles Martel “the Hammer”
Poitiers (Tours), 732
distributes land
Pepin the Short (741–768)
usurps throne, 751
anointed by Pope, 754
“Donation of Pepin”
> Papal States
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
II. The Merovingians and Carolingians
C. Charlemagne (768–814)
“Carolingian Renaissance”
Conquest
Spanish March
defeats Muslims
Bavarians, Saxons defeated
Avars > East March (Ostmarch
Lombards
Alliance with Papacy deepened
Christmas Day, 800 — crowned Emperor
Aachen — capital
New Organization
Counties (c. 300)
Count (graf)
Marches
margraves (markgraf)
Dukes (7)
military officials
Missi dominici
“lord’s envoys”
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
II. The Merovingians and Carolingians
D. Charlemagne’s Legacy
stabilization
preservation of Latin
new centers
Louis the Pious (814–840)
Sons: Charles the Bald, Louis the German,
Lothair
> 843, Treaty of Verdun, new Europe
E. Europe Under Attack
Magyars
Muslim adventurers
Vikings
Greenland, North America, Russia, Europe
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
III. New Organization
Introduction: Conception of Society
“those who fight, those who work,
those who pray”
Nobles: primarily fighters
Clergy
Peasantry: freemen, serfs
A. Political: The Castle
new relationship
contract — mutual obligation
service for gifts
Chivalry, by 1200
warfare
support of church
honor women
Noble life
Castles
Hunting, jousting, tournaments
Falconry
Indoor games: backgammon, dice, chess
Troubadours
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
III. New Organization
B. Economic: The Manor
Manorialism
12–50 families, 350–5000 acres
Demesne
lord’s land
Three-field system
Administration
Steward
Bailiff
cultivation
supervises peasants
Reeve
village headman
Peasants
freemen, serfs
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
IV. The Revival of Trade and Towns
A. Factors
B. Markets and Fairs
Champagne
C. Guilds
Merchant
wealthy control towns
Craft
apprentices, journeymen,
masters
Women
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
V. The Church in the High Middle Ages:
1000–1348
A. Monastic Reform
Benedictines
Cluny
founded 910
Gregory VII (1073–1085)
reforms
Investiture controversy
Gregory v. Emperor Henry IV
Bernard of Clairvaux (1091–1153)
B. Innocent III (1198–1216)
Canon lawyer
1215 — Fourth Lateran Council
C. Heresy
1233 — Inquisition
V. The Church in the High Middle Ages
D. Mendicant Ordes
Francis of Assisi (1182–1226)
Franciscans
poverty, preaching
Dominic de Guzman (1170–1221)
E. Education and the Universities
Cathedral schools
Universities
Oxford, Paris, Bologna
Scholasticism
dialectic
St. Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274)
Summa Theologica
Women
Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179)
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
VI. The Crusades
Pilgrims to Jerusalem
Seljuk Turks
1095 — Urban II
proclaims First Crusade
A. The Expeditions
First, 1096
led by nobles
overland
Alexius Comnenus
Byzantine Emperor
unprepared
successful
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
VI. The Crusades
(A. Expeditions)
Third, 1189
Salah-al-Din
takes Jerusalem
Frederick Barbarossa
Richard the Lion-Hearted
Philip Augustus
Fourth, 1202–1204
Innocent III
Sack of Constantinople
Children’s Crusade, 1212
Seventh
1291 — Acre taken by Muslims
end of Crusades
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
VI. The Crusades
B. Crusader States
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Templars
Knights of the Temple
Hospitalers
Knights of St. Jean of Jerusalem
Teutonic Knights
German
C. Significance?
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
VII. The Development of European States:
1000–1348
A. Capetian France
Hugh Capet (987–996)
Île-de-France
Philip II Augustus (1180–1223)
Louis IX (1226–1270)
Philip IV (1285–1314)
height of Capetian power
conflict with Boniface VIII
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
VII. The Development of European States
B. England to 1348
Canute (1016–1035), Danish
William, Duke of Normandy
Conquest, 1066 > King of England (1066–1087)
Henry II (1154–1189)
marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
“Angevin Empire”: Britain, Aquitaine, Ireland
Thomas à Becket
Richard the Lion-Hearted (1189–1199)
John (1199–1216)
loses French lands to Philip II
1215, Magna Carta
Parliament
from parler
1265, enlarged
Edward I (1272–1307)
Model Parliament, 1295
1300s — Commons meet
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
VII. The Development of European States
C. Spain to 1348
Reconquista
from ninth century
1492 — Granada falls
D. Germany and Italy
Saxons — Otto the Great (936–973)
Duke of Saxony
stops Magyars
> Emperor, 962
alliance with popes
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 9: The European Middle Ages: 476–1348 C.E.
VII. The Development of European States
D. Germany and Italy
Salian Dynasty (1024–11250
Henry IV (1056–1106)
conflict with Gregory VII
> 1077 – Canossa
Hohenstaufen Dynasty
Frederick I (1152–1190)
v. Lombard League
Frederic II (1212–1250)
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins