Download APEH Unit 2 - ABSENT

Chapter 14 Reform and
Renewal in the Christian
Church
The Protestant Reformation
The Catholic Reformation
Unit Objectives
Pg. 26 in notebook
Warning: it’s long; write small
• VII. Protestant Reformation
• A. Causes of the Protestant Reformation
– 1. Declining prestige of the papacy*
– 2. Early critics of the Church*
– 3. Corrupt church practices (e.g., simony,
pluralism, absenteeism, clerical ignorance)
– 4. Renaissance humanism (e.g., Erasmus)
Unit Objectives
• B. Martin Luther (1483–1546)
– 1. 95 Theses (1517)
– 2. Impact of Lutheranism on women
– 3. Luther’s views on new sects and peasantry
• C. Calvinism
–
–
–
–
1. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
2. Tenets: predestination, the elect, Protestant work ethic
3. Strict theocracy in Geneva
4. Spread of Calvinism
Objectives Continued
• D. Anabaptists (the “left wing” of the
Protestant Reformation)
• E. Reformation in England
– 1. John Wycliffe, the Lollards*
– 2. Henry VIII and the creation of the Church of
England
– 3. Mary Tudor (“Bloody Mary”) (1553-58)
– 4. Elizabeth I (1558–1603)
Objectives -End
• VIII. Catholic Reformation
– A. Causes
– B. Council of Trent (1545-63)
– C. New religious orders
– D. Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Problems Facing the Church on the Eve of
the Reformation (Review)
• The Black Death gave rise to anticlericalism
(why?)
• The Great Schism (why?)
• The rise of “pietism” – a notion of a direct
relationship between individuals and God
(why?) Come on – You can do it!
• The growth of the power of monarchs (why?)
• The Condition of the Church 1400-1517
– Declining Prestige
• The Great Schism and the Babylonian Captivity
• Secular humanist and moral corruption
– 16th Century- Signs of Disorder
• Critics wanted reform (Moral and Administrative)
–
–
–
–
–
Clerical immorality
Education of clergy
Ordination Standards
Absenteeism
Pluralism
A Word About the Printing Press
• The search for new printing technology
increased as more universities were built in
the late middle ages
• Block printing made its way to Europe from
Asia, but wasn’t efficient
• German Johannes Guttenberg given credit for
printing Bibles between 1452 and 1453
Impact of the Printing Press
• Many Renaissance ideas were spread,
including Humanism and individualism
• An increase in the number of books led to a
significant increase in literacy in the 16th
century
• Ideas of “Christian Humanism” spread, having
an impact on society, politics and religion (you
see where we are going with this)
• A theory – “Few inventions in human history
have had as great an impact as the printing
press”
• Prelates and Popes were often members of the
nobility and lived in splendor
– Moral corruption
– Signs of Strength (late 15th and early 16th
centuries)
• Europe remained deeply religious
• Parish clergy brought spiritual help to the people
• Organization to minister to poor
– The Brethren of the Common Life
» Making religion personal
– The Imitation of Christ
» Simple way of life
• Lateran council 1512-1527 (Julius II)
Other Problems
• Poorly educated clergy ( a plus for Luther, by
the way)
• Simony and pluralism
• Indulgences
• The extravagance of the Church
• Immoral clergy
Preview: Protestant Reformation
Pg. 28 in notebook
PROTESTANT
• 1. Define the root word.
• As we take notes today,
write down examples of the
root word in action.
• Do not copy the yellow
parts.
REFORMATION
• 1. Define the root word.
• As we take notes today,
write down examples of the
root word in action.
• Do not copy the yellow
parts.
3.2A
Early Movements of the Late Middle Ages
(Pre-Luther)
• John Wycliffe of England 13291384
– Questioned church wealth,
transubstantiation, the practice
of penance, indulgences
– Urged followers (Lollards) to read
the Bible
• Jan Hus of Bohemia 1369-1415
– Rector of University of Prague
– Authority lies in the Bible, not
the church
– Clergy were so immoral,
followers should take the cup
and wafer themselves
– Council of Constance condemned
him as a heretic and burned him
at the stake. A long revolt will
follow in Bohemia
3.2B
John Wycliff
• Thought Christians didn’t need Church
or sacraments to achieve salvation
• Regarded Bible as most important
source of religious authority (instead
of who…)
• Completed first translation of Bible
into English
• Outcome:
– the church persecuted his followers,
Lollards as heretics
Jan Huss
• Criticized wealth of Church
• Wanted religious services
conducted in the languagevernacular
• Opposed sale of indulgences
• Outcome:
– Burned at stake for refusing to accept
importance of church rituals
Catherine of Siena
• Popularized mysticism
• Believed people could experience God
through intense prayer
• Outcome:
– Maintained that Christians don’t need priests,
rituals, or sacraments
Girolamo Savonarola
• Launched crusade against immoral society
• Encouraged book burnings
• Claimed Vatican was filled with sin and
corruption
Outcome
was burned at the stake by angry citizens of
Florence
Review-Indulgences
Pg. 30 in notebook
• Complete this statement – The medieval
Catholic Church practice of selling indulgences
was like ….
• (choose one or create your own)
– A teacher selling grades
– A referee not calling fouls on players who pay
him/her
• Make a simple drawing of your analogy. (full
page)
• Do no have to copy the yellow.
3.2C
3.2D
3.2E
• Martin Luther and Protestantism
– Luther’s Early Years
• Became monk after caught in lightening storm
(Augustine order)
• German monk and professor of religion
• Faith was central to Christianity and the only means of
salvation
Don’t mess with Luther…
• Selling of indulgences set him off
• 1517 – Albert of Hohenzollern sought to
purchase a third bishopric so he borrowed
money from (guess who – think Renaissance
banking family)
• To pay back the money, he was given
permission to sell indulgences (half would go
back to Rome – what do you think they need
the money for?)
“As soon as gold in the basin rings,
the soul to heaven sings”
Johann Tetzel, Dominican Friar sent
to preach the indulgence
95 Theses
(1517)
Nailed on the Castle Church in
Wittenberg – the medieval way of
challenging someone to a debate
• Martin Luther and Protestantism
– Luther 95 Theses- October 1517
• Propositions on Indulgences raised many
theological questions
• Rejected idea that salvation could be achieved
by good works and sale of indulgences
– Indulgence was a release from penalties to be paid
for sin
• Criticized papal wealth
The Argument….
• Why should the money go back to Rome?
• With regard to purgatory – If the pope has
control over purgatory, why doesn’t he just let
everyone out?
• His argument – the pope did not give the
penalties, how can he take them away?
(remember the point about “uneducated
priests”?)
A Quote – 95 Theses
“The Roman Church has become the
most licentious den of
thieves……..They err who ascribe to
thee the right of interpreting
Scripture, for under cover of thy
name they seek to set up their own
wickedness in the church, and, alas,
through them Satan has already
made much headway under the
predecessors. In short, believe none
who exalt thee, believe those who
humble the”
The Course of the Movement
• The printing press allowed for the 95 Theses
to spread quickly, Luther gained support
• The Dominicans wanted to charge Luther as a
heretic
• Pope Leo X ignored as an argument between
friars
Luther Continued…
• Excommunicated by church in 1521
• Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) declared Luther an
outlaw in 1521 in Germany at the council of Worms
“Unless I an convicted by Scripture and plain
reason – I do not accept the authority of popes and
councils, for they have contradicted each other –
my conscience is captive to the Word of God; I
cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go
against conscience is neither right nor safe. God
help me, Amen”
-Martin Luther
Ruther (I mean Luther) gets Radical
• Luther engaged in public debate with John Eck who
called Luther a “Hussite”
• Luther claimed Hus had been unjustly condemned
• In 1520, Luther penned the following:
– Address to the Christian Nobility – Claimed that the secular
government could reform the church (who will like that?)
– On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church – attacked the
sacraments
– Liberty of a Christian Man – contained the heart of
Lutheran belief: Grace is the sole gift of God; therefore one
is save by faith alone, and the Bible is the sole source of
this faith
On Christian Liberty
by Martin Luther
“If thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord
Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God
hath raised Him form the dead, thou shalt be
saved; and the just shall live by faith”
The Result
• Luther was a wanted man and hid out in the
Wartburg Castle by the Elector of Saxony
• Luther translated the Bible into German while
in hiding
• Luther worked with Philip Melanchthon to
create a new Church based on his ideas which
were free from papal control
Lutheranism
• Reduced the seven sacraments to 2 – baptism
and communion
• Luther rejected the idea of transubstantiation
stating that Christ was already present in the
bread and wine (Eucharist)
• Did away with monasticism and a celibate
clergy
A Happy Ending…
Luther married a former nun with
whom he had many children
Success of the Reformation
• Within thirty years of an “action of a
carpenter” (the nailing of the 95 Theses – get
it?) the Reformation had spread to many of
the states of northern Germany, Scandinavia,
England, Scotland, parts of the Netherlands,
France and Switzerland
Why Was It So Successful?
• The ideas and church of Luther were socially
conservative
– Luther rejected the German Peasant’s Revolt in
which peasants used Luther’s teachings of a
“priesthood of all believers” to support social
egalitarianism (Luther responds violently in
Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of
Peasants)
– Luther encouraged the German princes to
confiscate lands of the Catholic Church
– Luther did not condemn princes creating state
churches
Politically Speaking…..
• Turmoil in the Holy Roman Empire makes it
difficult to stop the spread of Protestantism
– Charles V, ruled a huge empire
– Wars with France and the Ottoman Empire took
his attention away from the growing protestant
threat
– In 1555, he was forced to sign the Peace of
Augsburg, which granted legal recognition of
Lutheranism in territories ruled by a Lutheran
ruler (and the same for Catholic rulers) In other
words, the princes could choose to be Lutheran or
Catholic
– Ulrich Zwingli introduced the reformation in
Switzerland
• Supremacy of Scripture
• Opposed indulgences, Mass, monasticism, and
clerical celibacy
– Protestant Thought
• Confession of Augsburg- Luther and 4 basic
theological issues
• Salvation by Faith Alone
Ulrich Zwingli
* Influenced
by Writings of
Erasmus
•
•
•
•
Religious authority rests with the Bible not the Pope
Church and community of believers
All work is sacred- serving god thorough vocation
Believed every believer was own priest- communication
with god
• Communion and different beliefs
– Transubstantiation
– Consubstantiation
– Memorial
• Protestantism was a reformulation of Christian beliefs
• Common man and belief in God
• Impact of Luther Beliefs
– Impacted all social classes
• Followers of Luther
• Preachers from Catholic Church
• Peasants and reforms based on Luther
– Landlords and peasant revolts
– Luther and obedience to civil authority
– Revolts of 1525 and land
• Luther and language
– Printing press
– Zwingli and Calvin
– Luther and New Testament
– Democratized religion
– Luther and Impact on Women
•
•
•
•
•
Dignity to Women's roles in the home
Idea of marriage
Encouraged education for girls
Ended confession
Woman and the efficient wife
• Germany and the Protestant Reformation
– Holy Roman Empire (HRE)
• Holy Roman Emperor
• The Golden Bull of 1356
– Seven electors got virtual sovereignty
– The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty
• Habsburg and European Unity
– Maximilian I of Austria and Mary Burgundy in 1477
• Charles V
– Politics and Luther's Beliefs
•
•
•
•
Nationalism and Germany
Anti-Italian Papacy
Luther and Patriotism
Habsburg Valois Wars (30 Years War)
– Protestantism
– Political Fragmentation
– Peace of Augsburg 1555 and Charles V
» German Princes and religion
Ulrich Zwingli
1484-1531
• Had an impact in Zurich, Switzerland after the
95 Theses
• Ideas were similar to Luther’s, with
exceptions:
– Denial of all sacraments
– Last Supper a memorial to Christ, and did not
include the presence of Christ
– Led social reform
– Was killed by Swiss Catholics in battle
John Calvin
1509-1564
• Born in France but moved to Switzerland
• In his Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin asserts the
idea of “predestination”
• A strict disciplinarian, he instituted a strict moral code in
Geneva in which he closed the taverns, made fortune-telling
illegal
• “Calvinism” began to spread with mixed results: It became the
“established church” in Switzerland, but was practiced by a
small minority of “Huguenots” in France
• Helped save the protestant reformation against a new,
aggressive catholic counter-reformation
Institutes of Christian Religion
by John Calvin
Predestination we call the eternal
decree of God, by which he has
determined in himself, what he
would have become of every
individual……..For they are not all
created with the same destiny; but
eternal life is foreordained for some,
and eternal damnation for others…”
• The Growth of the Protestant
Reformation
– Northern Europe 1555
– Calvinism
• Predestination
• “A City that was a church”- Geneva (Theocracy)
• Institutes of Christian Religion
– Religious Law of Geneva
– Church and State
• Work Ethic
• Most influential form of Protestantism
– The Anabaptists
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Adult baptism (denied child baptism)
Adopts old ways of multiple wives
Tolerance
Pacifism
Church and State
Progressive for time
Quakers, the Baptists, and Congregationalists
– The English Reformation
• Lollards in the 5th century
• William Tyndale- 1525
• Thomas Wolsey
– Wealth and corruption of the Clergy
• Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
The
Protestant
Reformation
in England
Cardinal Woolsey
Thomas Cranmer
Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII
Anne Boleyn
English Reformation
• More political than religious
• Henry VIII originally condemned Luther, however the “King’s
Great Matter” caused him to think twice:
– Henry attempted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon of
Spain, who he blamed her for his lack of a male heir. He also wanted to
marry the virtuous Anne Boleyn, who he had fallen in love with. The
Church refused
– In 1529 he began the “Reformation Parliament” in a slow attempt to
get increased authority over religious matters.
– In April of 1533 Henry began to act quickly to cut off links with the
papacy (he had to, by the way, the virtuous “Anne” was pregnant and
he was a bigamist). Parliament enacted the “Act in Restraint of
Appeals” which gave Henry jurisdiction over spiritual cases, taking the
job away from the Pope, and soon granted himself an annulment
– In September, Elizabeth was born (was it Anne’s fault?)
Act of Supremacy, 1534
• The English Reformation resulted in the King of England
becoming the Supreme Head of what became known as the
Church of England (Anglican Church), which was really the
catholic church without the pope
• Under Henry’s only son, Edward VI, the reformation became
more “protestant”
• Under Mary, England restored ties to the papacy and
persecuted/killed protestants
• Under Elizabeth, the Church of England was restored with a
more tolerant protestant approach
• Pope Clement VII and Marriage
– Papal infallibility
– Marriage to Catherine and Henry’s brother
• Archbishop Cranmer and divorce
– Divorce by law and rule of law
• Acts of Supremacy and England
• Henry and Church in England
• Dissolution of the Monasteries
– Sale of Church Land
•
•
•
•
Nationalization of the Church
Edward VI
Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)
Elizabeth I and Church of England
• Under Henry’s only son, Edward VI, the
reformation became more “protestant”
• Under Mary, England restored ties to the papacy and
persecuted/killed protestants
• Under Elizabeth, the Church
of England was restored
with a more tolerant
protestant approach
• Moderation of Catholic and
Protestant ways even under
pressure from different
factions in country.
– Church of Scotland
– Ireland
• Catholic vs. Protestantism
• Northern Ireland and England (modern)
– Norway, Sweden, and Denmark
• Monarchy and reformation
• The Catholic and Counter Reformation
– The Catholic Reformation
– The Counter Reformation
– Institutional Reform
• The Popes- politics and pleasures
• Catholic Councils and Popes power
The Catholic (Counter-) Reformation –
1530’s
• Though slow-moving, it was the Catholic response to
the Protestant Reformation
(WHY DID IT TAKE SO LONG???)
• Goals:
– Stop church abuses, primarily simony and indulgences
– A rededication to Christian principles and a standardization
of church beliefs
– Restore the prestige of the Church, bring back followers
and regain papal land claims
– Wipe out Protestantism
– The Council of Trent
(1545-1563)
• Pope Paul III
– Reconciliation with
Protestants
– International Politics
• Papal Authority
– Reform
– Spiritual renewal
• Rejected Sale of
Indulgences
• Limits Simony and
Pluralism
• Clerical training and
education
• Emphasis on preaching
The Council of Trent
1545-1563
• Index of Prohibited Books
• Papal Inquisition was revived
• Endorsed Catholic teachings (rejecting the
ideas of Protestantism), especially that of
“faith and goods works”, not just faith alone
will get you salvation
• Supported “baroque” art forms versus that of
the late Renaissance “mannerists”
– New Religious
Orders
• Ursuline Order of
nuns
• Society of Jesus
– Jesuits
– The Sacred
Congregation of the
Holy Office
• Pope Paul III
• Roman Inquisition
Massacre of the Innocents
and Fall of Man by Ruben
*NOTE*
• Any “Late Renaissance painters” may also be
considered “mannerists” or “baroque”
or both
The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 1540
• Organized by Ignatius Loyola, they
Contributed to the success of the Catholic
Reformation
• They declared themselves a teaching order
and worked as Catholic missionaries
throughout Europe, including Lutheran
strongholds such as Poland
• Came up with a plausible argument to Luther,
suggesting that even if there was not a Bible,
there would still be the spirit:
Spiritual Exercises
by Ignatius Loyola
“…for I believe that linking Christ our Lord the
bridegroom and His Bride the Church, there is one
in the same Spirit, ruling and guiding us for our
souls’ good. Four our Holy Mother the church is
guided and ruled by the same Spirit, the Lord who
gave the Ten Commandments”
Was the Catholic Reformation Successful?
• Goals:
– Stop church abuses, primarily simony and
indulgences (yes)
– A rededication to Christian principles and a
standardization of church beliefs (yes)
– Restore the prestige of the Church, bring back
followers and regain papal land claims (yes)
– Wipe out Protestantism (what do you think?)
Note
• The catholic Church has a tradition of
adjusting to changing conditions
– Reform Movement of the High Middle Ages (St.
Benedict, Pope Gregory VII, Cluniastic Movement)
– Council of Trent (Pope Paul III, Pope Innocent XI)
– First Vatican Council 1870
– Second Vatican Council 1962
– More changes in to come? Possible Changes?
Non-Religious Causes for the Protestant
Reformation
• Socially, people of lower status in society felt
the Reformation gave them equality in the
“eyes of God” and seized the opportunity to
strike out an oppressive social order
• Politically, Princes saw the Reformation as an
opportunity to seize church land and power
• Economically, money that went to enhance
the papal treasury would now stay at home
Non-Religious Effects
• Socially, although women play a prominent role early on,
women will not gain much from the reformation. As
Protestant religions become more formal, male religious
leaders narrowed their role to the home and discouraged
them from being church leaders. In Family matters:
– To protect the family, fidelity was expected of both spouses. Divorce
was not acceptable in the Catholic church, while in Protestantism
there was a mutual right to divorce and remarry.
– A man’s role was to be the breadwinner, women’s first priority was her
home. Women were not to engage in social or political activities and if
she suffered it was because of “Eve”
– Prostitution houses were common and civil authorities in both
Catholic and Protestant countries licensed houses of public
prostitution
Non-religious effects (cont.)
• Intellectually, the Reformation will lay the
groundwork for the enlightenment and scientific
revolution. After all, if church goers themselves
begin to question beliefs of the church and authority
in general, why shouldn’t others be able to do so?
Also, with the closing of convents, upper-class
women lost a venue from which to showcase their
intellect and talents
• Politically, as church power declined, monarchs
gained strength leading to the development of
modern nation-states.