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Transcript 
More Discussion on Nanotechnology Applications
Nanotechnology R&D impacts many industries
• Electronics
• Materials
• Health/Biotech
• Chemical
• Environmental
• Energy
• Aerospace
• Automotive
• Security
• Forest products
• Instrumentation
Making Small Smaller
An Example: Electronics-Microprocessors
microscale
nanoscale
macroscale
ibm.com
Electronics Keep On Getting Better
Moore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip
intel.com
Specialized Nano-Coatings
Inframat hardened
coatings for Navy
high-wear parts
Self-cleaning surfaces
- like a Lotus leaf
(ultrahydrophobic)
Biocompatible
coatings for long
lasting orthopedic
joints
Nano for Regenerative Medicine
Super Adhesives
Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair
Nature 405, 681-685 (8 June 2000)
Microfabricated Adhesive Mimicking Gecko
Foot-Hair Nature Materials 2, 461-463
(2003)
Solar Cells and Integration of
Nanotechnology
• Organic/Inorganic solar cells
• Silicon solar cells are most common and
efficient right now.
• Reflection of incoming light is a big
natural limitation for efficiency.
Evergreen Solar, Inc.
Marlboro, MA
Konarka
Typical P-N Junction Silicon Solar Cell Structure
REFLECTION!
Sunlight
Top side metallization grid
Anti-reflection coating
0.5 µm
Average phosphorus~1018cm-3
n+ emitter
p base
~100-300 µm
Boron~1016cm-3
Optional p+ back
surface diffusion
Back side
metallization
Anti-Reflection
Conditions
n0
n1
n2

4n1
Incident wave
R1
R2
n1  n0 n2
Transmitted wave
Pattern Transfer by Etching (Tunable AntiReflective Coating)
J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20.6., Nov. Dec 2002
Can work as an antireflective coating!
Moth Eye
UMASS
NNIN.ORG
Other Nano-Solar Cells
Nano solar cells mixed in plastic could be painted on buses, roofs, and clothing!
] 200 nm
Nano solar cell: Inorganic nanorods embedded in semiconducting polymer,
sandwiched between two electrodes
Source: http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/03/28_solar.html
Flat Panel Displays, Colorants, Smart Papers…(Photonic Crystals)
Reflection
from butterfly
wings and
beetle’s
exocuticle
PHYSICAL REVIEW E 74, 021922 2006
2 April 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 4351
Disease Detection (Using Quantum Dots)
Nanogold
Gold
Color ?
Quantum dots glow in UV light
– Injected in mice, collect in tumors
– Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells
Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals
that contain free electrons and emit
photons when submitted to UV light
Sources: http://vortex.tn.tudelft.nl/grkouwen/qdotsite.html
http://www.whitaker.org/news/nie2.html
Early tumor detection,
studied in mice
Some resources on nano applications
The Woodrow Wilson Center consumer product inventory
http://www.nanotechproject.org/index.php?id=44&action=intro
The Nano 50 awards
http://www.nanotechbriefs.com/nano50_winners.html
Small Times magazine
http://www.smalltimes.com/
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