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Earth Science
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What are Constructive Forces?
 Forces that build up new landforms.
What are Destructive Forces?
 Forces that change landforms
Impact of Organisms?
 Lichens & mosses-chemicals
 Large animals- moles
 Small Animals - termites
 Large plants-tree roots
 Small plants-mosses or other small
plants that change rock into loose soil
Earth’s Surface
 Contour lines-lines that show elevation
on a topographical map
 Crust-thin outer layer of Earth; makes
up continent & ocean floor
 Topographic map-map that shows the
shape of surface features & their
elevations
How is Earth’s Surface Worn
Down?
 Erosion-destructive force; rock is moved
 Sediment-pieces of moved rock
 Weathering-destructive force; breaks
rocks down
How is Earth’s Surface Built
Up?
 Deposition-constructive force; rock is
dropped in one place from another
place
Earth’s Six Landforms
Page 17
Mountains
Hills
Mountain valleys
Plateaus
Plains
River valleys
Flood plains
What is Earth’s Structure?
 Core-Earth’s innermost structure
 Crust-outer layer of rock
 Lithosphere-shell formed from Earth’s
solid upper mantle and crust
 Mantle-thick layer of Earth’s structure
just below the crust
 Plate Tectonics-giant plates of rock
What are Earthquakes
&Volcanoes?
 Earthquake-violent shaking- release of energy
 Epicenter-point where the earthquake originates
 Fault-crack in Earth’s crust where movement takes
place
 Magma-melted rock, becomes lava at surface
 Seismic waves-waves sent through Earth’s surface
during earthquakes
 Ring of Fire-area along the edge of the Pacific
How Do Mountains Form?
 Dome Mountains-mountain formed
when magma pushes up but does not
break through
 Fault-block Mountains-mountains
formed along fault lines
 Fold Mountains-mountains formed when
plates collide and force layers of rock
into folds
How can Floods Be
Controlled?
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Dam- wall across a river holding water back
Flood-water flowing where land is usually dry
Floodway-prepared path
Levee-a wall to prevent flooding
Reservoir-an artificial lake
Storm drain-pipes or channels to carry water
away
How can Beaches Be
Protected?
 Barrier island-land formed by sand and dirt
off shore GA’s Golden Isles: St. Simons,
Jekyll are examples.
 Beach Nourishment-dumping new sand on
beaches to restore them
 Dredging-deepening or widening of a river or
harbor
 Jetty-thin narrow wall built from the shoreline
into the ocean
 Sea Wall-tall wall to receive waves at high
tide
How is Farmland Managed?
 Contour plowing-plowing in curved lines in
the shape of the land
 Soil-natural resource mad of small rocks,
minerals, water, gases, & organic matter
 Subsoil-layer under topsoil
 Terrace farming-planting crops in level
sections called terraces
 Topsoil-uppermost layer of soil
Managing Earth’s Changes