Download Chapter 04

CHAPTER
NEW CHAPTER
Patterns of Heredity
the BIG idea
In sexual reproduction, genes are passed from parents to offspring in
predictable patterns.
4.1
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
4.2
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
4.3
DNA is divided during meiosis.
4.4
Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER RESOURCES
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
VOCABULARY
sexual reproduction
gene
7.2.c Students know an inherited trait can be
determined by one or more genes.
heredity
7.2.d Students know plant and animal cells contain
many thousands of different genes and typically have
two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles)
of the gene may or may not be identical, and one may
be dominant in determining the phenotype while the
other is recessive.
phenotype
allele
genotype
dominant
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
VOCABULARY
Offspring inherit alleles, which
are forms of genes, from their
parents. Alleles can be dominant
or recessive.The alleles you have
are your genotype; the
observable characteristics that
come from your genotype are
your phenotype.
sexual reproduction
gene
heredity
allele
phenotype
genotype
dominant
recessive
SIMULATION
CLASSZONE.COM
Try a virtual version of
Mendel’s experiment.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.1
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Living things inherit traits in patterns.
I. Living things inherit traits in patterns.
VOCABULARY
sexual reproduction
A. Parents and offspring are similar.
gene
B. Genes are on chromosome pairs.
heredity
C. Gregor Mendel made some important
discoveries about heredity.
allele
phenotype
1. One Example
genotype
2. Mendel’s Conclusions
dominant
D. Alleles interact to produce traits.
1. Phenotype and Genotype
2. Dominant and Recessive Alleles
recessive
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
probability
7.2.b Students know sexual reproduction produces
offspring that inherit half their genes from each parent.
7.2.c Students know an inherited trait can be
determined by one or more genes.
7.2.d Students know plant and animal cells contain
many thousands of different genes and typically have
two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles)
of the gene may or may not be identical, and one may
be dominant in determining the phenotype while the
other is recessive.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.2
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
Punnett squares show possible outcomes of heredity.
Percentages can be used with Punnett squares to
express the probability of each possible outcome.
B
b
BB
Bb
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
probability
B = black fur
b = brown fur
B
SIMULATION
b
CLASSZONE.COM
Bb
bb
Predict offspring traits with
virtual Punnett squares.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.2
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
II. Patterns of heredity can be predicted.
A. Punnett squares show possible outcomes for
inheritance.
VOCABULARY
Punnett square
probability
B. Percentages can express the probability of
outcomes.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
DNA is divided during meiosis.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
7.2.a Students know the differences between the life
cycles and reproduction methods of sexual and
asexual organisms.
7.2.b Students know sexual reproduction produces
offspring that inherit half their genes from each parent.
VOCABULARY
gamete
egg
sperm
fertilization
meiosis
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.3
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
DNA is divided during meiosis.
Meiosis is a type of cell division needed for sexual
reproduction.
VOCABULARY
During meiosis, cells divide twice to produce gametes.
egg
Male and female gametes join when fertilization
occurs.
sperm
gamete
fertilization
meiosis
Meiosis I
1n
1n
1n
1n
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
Meiosis II
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.3
KEY CONCEPT
CHAPTER HOME
DNA is divided during meiosis.
III. DNA is divided during meiosis.
A. Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction.
B. Cells divide twice during meiosis.
VOCABULARY
gamete
egg
sperm
1. Meiosis I
fertilization
2. Meiosis II
meiosis
3. Combinations of Alleles
C. Meiosis and mitosis differ in some important
ways.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
4.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
CALIFORNIA
Content Standards
VOCABULARY
replication
RNA
7.2.e Students know DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is
the genetic material of living organisms and is located
in the chromosomes of each cell.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
DNA contains a code that enables a cell to make RNA
and proteins.
Replication copies the DNA code before a cell divides.
• DNA’s triplet code enables a cell to code for proteins.
VOCABULARY
replication
RNA
• A cell’s mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes translate the code
into a sequence of amino acids.
• The amino acids form a protein needed for cell function.
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
SECTION
OUTLINE
4.4
CHAPTER HOME
KEY CONCEPT
Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
IV. Cells use DNA and RNA to make proteins.
A. DNA is the information molecule.
VOCABULARY
replication
RNA
1. Proteins and Amino Acids
2. DNA and the Genetic Code
B. Replication produces two copies of DNA.
C. RNA is needed to make proteins.
1. Types of RNA
2. Transcription
3. Translation
CHAPTER
RESOURCES
Get a book and open to page 125
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY
CHAPTER HOME
Chapter Resources
Image Gallery
Review Game
Animations
Click here to review chapter
images and animations
Play a fun interactive
review game
Link to all the McDougal
Littell Science animations
Click on the items below to access resources on
CLASSZONE.COM
Content Review
Audio Readings
Review key concepts and vocabulary
Hear chapter audio readings
Resource Center
Math Tutorial
Get more information on select science topics
Review math concepts
Standardized Test Practice
Practice state standardized tests
BACK TO CHAPTER