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Muscular System
I.
Types of Muscle Tissue F. Compare smooth and cardiac muscle to skeletal muscle cells. Indicators (Grade
12): 45. Describe the functional characteristics all muscle cells have in common. 46. Describe the number of
nuclei, appearance of striations, presence of disks, and general location of smooth, cardiac and skeletal
muscle. 47. Describe the 3 muscle types as voluntary or involuntary.
a. Skeletal
b. Smooth
c. Cardiac
II.
Function of muscles (there are 4)
III.
Characteristics of skeletal muscle 48. Describe the unique characteristics of skeletal muscle cell,i.e.,
transverse tubules, cisternae, motor end plate, glycogen, myoglobin,….
IV.
Connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscle
a. Endomysium –
b. Perimysium
i. Facicle
c. Epimysium –
i. Tendon
ii. Aponeuroses
V.
Microscopic Anatomy of skeletal muscle
a. Muscle fiber (describe structure)
i. Sarcolemma –
1. Transverse tubules (t-tubules)
ii. Sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules 53. Describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum chambers. 51.
Locate intracellular calcium during relaxation
iii. Sarcoplasm
1. Glycogen
2. Myoglobin
3. Myofibrils 54. Describe the myofibril location in the sarcoplasm.
a. Sarcomeres
i. Myofilaments 49. Describe the characteristics of actin and myosin. 50.
Describe the roles of troponin and tropomyosin.
1. Actin filament
a. Binding site
b. Tropomyosin (role)
c. Troponin (role)
2. Myosin filaments
a. Crossbridges
VI. Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction (know the key players and what they do)
a. Nerve stimulus to Muscle
i. motor euron
ii. neuromuscular junction 52. Describe the neuromuscular junction.
1. synaptic cleft
2. motor end plate
iii. neurotransmitter
1. acetylcholine
b. Transmission of nerve impulse to muscle fiber
i. sodium channels;
ii. movement of Na+ 55. Describe the effect of depolarization on the sarcolemma,and its propagation
into the cell.
iii. SR releases Ca++; function of Ca++56. Describe the movement of calcium in contraction.
iv. binding of actin and myosis
v. power strocke; movement of actin
vi. Function of ATP
1. production of energy for myosin
2. detachment of myosin head
c. shortening of sarcomere G. Describe the basics of cellular protein movement and cell shortening/contraction.
57. Describe which protein moves in the sliding filament theory. 58. Describe the ratcheting effect in the sliding filament
theory, and where ATP is used.
i. movement of actin towards middle
ii. shortening of myofibrils
iii. shortening of muscle fiber.
VII. Energy for muscle contraction
a. Sources of ATP
i. stored ATP
ii. Creatine phosphate (CP)
iii. Cellular respiration
1. aerobic respiration
a. requires oxygen
2. anaerobic respiration
b. without oxygen
b. consesequences of the absence of ATP
VIII. Contraction of a muscle fiber
A. explain – all or none
IX. Contraction of a Muscle
A. graded responses
B. motor units
C. Force of contractions
D. Twitch
E. Tetanus
1. Muscle fatigue
a. oxygen debt
b. low ATP
c. accumulation of alctic acid
F. Muscle Tone
X. Types of muscle contractions
A. Isotonic contractions
B. Isometric Contractions
C. Effects of exercise on muscle (list three)
Indicators (Grade 12):. Anatomy and Physiology Course of Study 27 59. Describe the enzyme needed to begin relaxation,
and its basic steps, including calcium movement. 60. Describe the importance of excitation-contraction coupling. H.
Compare small motor unit and large motor unit control. Indicators (Grade 12): 61. Describe the small motor unit of the
eye muscle. 62. Describe the large motor unit of the hip muscle. 63. Compare contraction and control in the eye muscle
versus muscle of the hip.
I. Identify major representative muscles of the anterior and posterior surface. Indicators (Grade 12): 64. Name 2
muscles of the neck and the function. 65. Describe the intercostals and diaphragm. 66. Describe the muscles of the
anterior and lateral wall of the diaphragm. 67. Describe muscles of the anterior and posterior thorax. 68. Describe the
location and function of pectoralis, latissimus dorsi, and deltoid. 69. Locate and describe triceps brachii, biceps brachii,
and brachialis.
70. Describe some representative pronators, flexors, and extensors from the forearm distal to the fingers. 71. Locate and
describe sartorius. 72. Locate some thigh adductors. 73. What muscles are in the quadriceps and what activity do they
do to the knee. 74. Describe the functions of the gluteal buttocks muscles 75. Describe the hamstring muscles and their
effect on the thigh and knee. 76. Describe gastrocemius and soleus.