Download Social Development

Social Development
• Nature and Nurture
– Where does the division begin?
• Attachment Theory
– Cupboard Theory (Freud)
– The need for comfort (Bowlby & Harlow)
– The Strange Situation and beyond (Ainsworth
& Main)
Social Development
• Nature-Nurture
– We are a complex and unique combination of
our genes and environment
– Reaction range
• Limits of the genotype
• Environment determines where in the range the
gene is expressed
Social Development
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
– Cupboard Theory
• Children innately attracted
to their mother for food
• Attachment purely for
physical needs
Attachment Theory
• John Bowlby (1907-1990)
– Internal Working Model
– Innate fear of the
unfamiliar
– Built-in approach and
sign behaviours
Attachment Theory
• John Bowlby (1907-1990)
– Innate fear of the
unfamiliar
– Built-in approach and
sign behaviours
– Internal Working Model
• Harry Harlow (1905-1981)
– Comfort vs. Nurture
– Terry-Cloth vs. Wire-Milk
Mother
Attachment Theory
• Harry Harlow (1905-1981)
– Comfort vs. Nurture
– Terry-Cloth vs. Wire-Milk
Mother
– Isolated monkeys spent
more time with cloth
(comfort) mother than wire
(nurture) mother
Time Spent on Mothers
10
Mean time in Hours
9
8
Cloth Mother
7
6
5
4
3
Wire Mother
2
1
250-259 260-269 270-279 280-289 290-299
Days of Age
Attachment Theory
• Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999)
– Child’s attachment with Mother
– The Strange Situation
(Gleitman,510-512)
• Children should use mother as
secure base for exploration
• Children should exhibit
separation anxiety
• Children should be less
comfortable with a stranger than
their mother
The Strange Situation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Parent and Infant enter
experimental room
Parent and infant are alone. Infant
explores.
Stranger enters, talks to mother
and then approaches infant.
First Separation: Mother leaves
room
First Reunion: Mother returns and
stranger leaves
Second Separation: Mother leaves
room again and stranger returns
Second Reunion: Mother returns,
picks up infant; stranger leaves.
Patterns of Attachment
Securely attached
(65%)
Children show distress when parent leaves room; seek
comfort and contact upon reunion; then return to play
Insecurely attachedavoidant
(20%)
Children seem aloof and may actively avoid parent
upon return
Insecurely attachedambivalent
(10%)
Children become upset when parent leaves; at reunion
they cannot be comforted and show anger to parent
but, at the same time, express desire for contact
Insecurely attacheddisorganized
(5%)
Children act confused upon reunion. After parent’s
return, they may stop moving or show contradictory
behaviour patterns
Attachment and Adulthood
• Mary Main
– Collected four generations of data examining
the long-term effects of attachment style
– The internal working model of relationships
Attachment and Adulthood
Attachment
Style
View of
themselves as
adults
View of
relationships
Experience in
romantic
relationships
Secure
Believe they are
likeable by
others
Characterize
love by trust
Tend to be more
caring
Avoidant
Describe selves
as independent
Believe they
don’t need a
“partner”
Fear of intimacy
Ambivalent
Have many selfdoubts
View love as
painful struggle
Difficulty staying
in love
Disorganized
!?!?
?!?!
!?!?
Attachment and Adulthood
• Resilience and Nature-Nurture revisited
– Patterns can change; they are not set in stone
– Our environment is constantly changing
influence on the way we define ourselves,
others and social relationships
– Crisis and change
Attachment and Adulthood
• How to create a secure attachment
– Be emotionally available and responsive to
the other’s needs in a predictable manner
– Intimacy, passion and support
– Conflict resolution strategies, self-disclosure
and trust
Social Development
• Nature and Nurture
– Where does the division begin?
• Attachment Theory
– Cupboard Theory (Freud)
– The need for comfort (Bowlby & Harlow)
– The Strange Situation and beyond (Ainsworth
& Main)
Happy Valentine’s Day
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