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Genetics
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Process of DNA being copied before cell
division occurs
Must make an exact copy or mutations will
occur (which could be harmful)
The 2 strands of the DNA helix split and each
side serves as a template for the other side
Called semi-conservative replication
Process makes sure that information is not
loss during the replication process
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Process of making proteins in the cell
Follows the directions coded by the DNA
Requires DNA and RNA
Takes place in nucleus and ribosome
Has 2 steps:
◦ Transcription
◦ Translation
Transcription
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Information from the
DNA (in the nucleus) is
copied in the form of
messenger RNA.
Copies only the
information for the
protein that needs to
be made
The mRNA then leaves
the nucleus and travels
to the ribosome.
Translation
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Decodes the
information from the
mRNA
Occurs in the ribosome
Needs tRNA and mRNA
to make the protein
correctly according to
the directions that
were specified in the
original DNA
Genetic code for each
amino acid is the same
in ALL organisms.
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Original DNA
THE CAT ATE THE FAT RAT.
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Silent Mutation
THA CAT ATE THE FAT RAT
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Nonsense Mutation
THE CAT ATE THE.
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Missense Mutation
THE CAR ATE THE FAT RAT.
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Frameshift Mutation
THE CCA TAT ETH EFA TRA T.
THC ATA TET HEF ATR AT.
DNA
Individual
Nucleotide
One trait completely masks/dominants the other
trait when it is expressed. Can be homozygous
or heterozygous dominant
The recessive trait is seen when
there are 2 copies present
(homozygous recessive)
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Both traits are equally dominant and neither
will give in so both traits are shown.
Black Feathered
Chicken
White
feathered
chicken
Checkered
feather chicken
Traits are not
dominant or
recessive. The
traits “blend”
together to make a
new color/trait.
The trait is carried on the
sex –chromosome (xchromosome) so the
inheritance is different for
males and females.
Males inherit one gene
from mother on X
chromosome and an
unaffected Y from father.
Females inherit an X from
their father and an X from
their mother.
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Trait controlled
by 2 or more
genes and
produces a
range of
outcomes
(examples: skin
color, eye color,
hair color,
height)
More than 2 forms
of a gene control
the trait.
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These mutations alter the composition or
number of chromosomes in the organism.
Usually have severe consequences for the
organism.
Usually occur during meiosis