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Organic vs. Inorganic
 Organic compounds
 Contain carbon
 Covalent bonds
 Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
 Inorganic compounds
 Lack carbon
 Simpler compounds
 Example: H2O (water)
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Important Inorganic Compounds
 Water
 Most abundant compound
 High heat capacity
 Polarity/solvent properties
 Chemical reactivity
 Cushioning
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Important Inorganic Compounds
 Salts
 Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of
water
 Vital to body functions
 Are electrolytes which conduct electrical
charge
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Important Inorganic Compounds
 Salts
 Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of
water
 Vital to body functions
 Are electrolytes which conduct electrical
charge
Know these ions:
Phosphate
PO4-3
Carbonate
CO3-2
Nitrate
NO3-1
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Dissociation of a Salt in Water
Figure 2.11
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Important Inorganic Compounds
 Acids
 Release hydrogen ions (H+)
 Are proton donors
 Bases
 Release hydroxide ions (OH–)
 Are proton acceptors
 Neutralization reaction
 Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
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pH
 Measures relative
concentration of
hydrogen ions
 pH 7 = neutral
 pH below 7 = acidic
 pH above 7 = basic
 Buffers—chemicals
that can regulate pH
change
Figure 2.12
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Important Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Include sugars, starch, cellulose
 Classified according to size
 Monosaccharides—simple sugars
 Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesis
 Polysaccharides—long-branching chains
of linked simple sugars
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Important Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
 Include sugars, starch, cellulose
 Classified according to size
“One”
“Two”
“Many”
 Monosaccharides—simple sugars
 Disaccharides—two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesis
 Polysaccharides—long-branching chains
of linked simple sugars
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Carbohydrates
PLAY Disaccharides
Figure 2.13a–b
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Carbohydrates
PLAY Polysaccharides
Figure 2.13c
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Carbohydrates
Figure 2.14
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Carbohydrates
 Monomer
 Dimer,Polymer
 Name ends in…
 General Formula
 Functions
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Carbohydrates
 Monomer
Sugar
 Dimer,Polymer
Disaccharide, Polysaccharide
 Name ends in…
-ose
 General Formula
(CH2O)x
 Functions
energy storage
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Important Organic Compounds
 Lipids
 Contain carbon, hydrogen, and (very little)
oxygen
 Insoluble in water
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Common Lipids
 Fats (triglycerides)
 Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
 Source of stored energy
 Phospholipids
 Form cell membranes
 Steroids
 Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D,
and some hormones
PLAY Lipids
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Lipids
Figure 2.15a
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Lipids
Figure 2.15b
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Lipids
 Cholesterol
 The basis for all steroids made in the body
Figure 2.15c
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Lipids
 Monomer
 Dimer,Polymer
 Name ends in…
 General Formula
 Functions
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lipids
 Monomer
Fatty acid, glycerol
 Dimer,Polymer
Diglyceride, Triglyceride (max.)
 Name ends in…
-yl acid, -ol, -one
 General Formula
(CH2)x --very little O
 Functions
energy storage, insulation
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Important Organic Compounds
 Proteins
 Made of amino acids
 Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Figure 2.16
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Proteins
 Account for over half of the body’s organic matter
 Provide for construction materials for body
tissues
 Play a vital role in cell function
 Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
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Proteins
 Amino acid structure
 Contain an amine group (-NH2)
 Contain an acid group (-COOH)
 Vary only by R groups
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Proteins
 Structural proteins
 Examples include
collagen and
keratin
Figure 2.17a
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Proteins
 Enzymes
 Can be denatured
 Act as biological
catalysts
 Increase the rate of
chemical reactions
Figure 2.17b
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Enzymes
 Lock and Key Hypothesis
Figure 2.18a
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Enzymes
PLAY Chemistry of Life® Enzymes Animation
Figure 2.18b
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Proteins
 Monomer
 Dimer,Polymer
 Name ends in…
 General Formula
 Functions
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Proteins
 Monomer
Amino acid
 Dimer,Polymer
Dipeptide, polypeptide
 Name ends in…
-in, –en, -ine, or -ase
 General Formula
contains CHONS
 Functions
structural or enzymes
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Important Organic Compounds
 Nucleic Acids
 Store (DNA) and use (RNA) genetic information
 Nucleotide bases
 A = Adenine
 G = Guanine
 C = Cytosine
 T = Thymine
 U = Uracil
Figure 2.19a
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Nucleic Acids
 Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA)
 Organized by
complimentary
bases to form
double helix
 Replicates before
cell division
 Instructions for
making proteins
Figure 2.19c
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DNA
 Double stranded —binds to another DNA
 Base pairing rules
A=T
C≡G
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
ACCAGGTAGCG
Nitrogenous
bases
Figure 2.19c
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DNA
 Double stranded —binds to another DNA
 Base pairing rules
A=T
C≡G
ACCAGGTAGCG
CGCTACCTGGT
Hydrogen bonds
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
Nitrogenous
bases
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
Figure 2.19c
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RNA
 Single Stranded —binds to DNA or itself
 Base pairing rules
A=U
C≡G
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
ACCAGGUAGCG
Nitrogenous
bases
Figure 2.19c
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RNA
DNA
 Alike
 Both nucleic acids
 Sugar-phosphate backbone
 CHONP
 Help make proteins
 Different
 Single
 Uracil
vs
instead of
 Uses genetic info
to make protein
Double stranded
Thymine
Stores & copies genetic
info
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Figure 2.19c
Important Organic Compounds
 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 Chemical energy used by all cells
 Energy is released by breaking high energy
phosphate bond
 ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.20a
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Nucleic Acids
 Monomer
 Dimer,Polymer
 Name ends in…
 General Formula
 Functions
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Nucleic Acids
 Monomer
Nucleotide
 Dimer,Polymer
Dinucleotide, polynucleotide
 Name ends in… (Learn them all: adenine, thymine,
cytosine, guanine, and uracil)
 General Formula
contains CHONP
 Functions
Stores (DNA) and uses (RNA)
genetic information for proteins
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