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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 2
Basic Chemistry
Slides 2.21 – 2.40
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
• Synthesis reaction (A+BAB)
• Atoms or molecules combine
• Energy is absorbed for bond formation
• Decomposition reaction (ABA+B)
• Molecule is broken down
• Chemical energy is released
Slide 2.18
Synthesis and Decomposition
Reactions
Figure 2.9a, b
Slide 2.19
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
• Exchange reaction (AB + CAC+B)
• Bonds are made and broken
• Switch is made between molecule parts
and different molecules are made
Slide 2.20
Biochemistry: The Chemical
Composition of Living Matter
• Organic compounds
• Contain carbon
• Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
• Inorganic compounds
• Lack carbon
• Usually simpler
• Example: H2O (water)
Slide 2.21
Important Inorganic Compounds
• Water
• Most abundant inorganic compound
• Vital properties
• High heat capacity
•Absorbs and releases large amounts
of heat before the temp changes
greatly
• Polarity/solvent properties
•Great solvent, because of polarity it
can dissolve many substances.
Slide 2.22
Important Inorganic Compounds
• Chemical reactivity
•Helps with hydrolysis and
dehydration synthesis reactions
• Cushioning
•Cerebrospinal fluid protects the
brain and spinal cord
Slide 2.22
Important Inorganic Compounds
• Salts
• Become ions in the presence of water
• Na+Cl- (table salt) Ca+Cl- (in bones)
Slide 2.23
Important Inorganic Compounds
• Characteristics of Acids
• ↑H+ and ↓OH• Ex: gastric juice, lemon juice
• 0 to 6 on pH scale
• Characteristics of Bases
• ↓H+ and ↑OH• Blood, seawater, ammonia
• 8 to 14 on pH scale
Slide 2.24
pH
• Measures relative
concentration of
hydrogen ions
• pH 7 = neutral
• pH below 7 = acidic
• pH above 7 = basic
• Buffers
• Chemicals that can
regulate pH change
Figure 2.11
Slide 2.25
Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Include sugars and starches
• Classified according to size
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars
• Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesis
• Polysaccharides – long branching chains
of linked simple sugars
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.26
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.12a, b
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Slide 2.27
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.12c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 2.28
Dehydration Synthesis
• Monomers are built up into polymers.
• Water is taken away and the synthesis of
molecules occurs
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
• Polymers are broken down into monomers.
• Water is added and the lysis of the polymer
occurs.
Hydrolysis
Organic Compounds
• Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis
of a molecule of sucrose.
• If glucose is not immediately need
for ATP synthesis then it will be
converted to fats and stored.
Important Organic Compounds
• Lipids (aka- fats)
• Enter the body from- meats, egg yolks,
milks, oils (animal or plant)
• In the body as neutral fats, phospholipids,
and steroids
• Carbon and hydrogen outnumber
oxygen
• Example: Tristearin- C57 H110 O6
Slide 2.29
Important Organic Compounds
• Most lipids are insoluble in water
• With the exception of
phospholipids which are found in
cell membranes.
Organic Compounds
• Neutral Fats or Triglycerides
• Composed of- 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
• Results in E-shaped molecule
• Glycerol backbone is the same in all
triglycerides, the fatty acids will differ.
Organic Compounds
• Saturated- carbons single bond
• Unsaturated- carbons double or triple
bond
Organic Compounds
• Neutral fats- yield large amounts of
energy in the form of ATP
• Fat deposits around organs and body
help prevent heat loss and give
cushioning.
Phospholipids
• Hydrophobic tails (non polar)
which means that it hates water
• Hydrophilic head (polar) which
means it like water.
• Cell membranes are made of a
phospholipid bilayer.
Lipids
Figure 2.14a, b
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Slide 2.31
Steroids and Cholesterol
•Most important
steroid is
cholesterol
•It is used to form
vitamin D, sex
hormones,
cortisol, and bile
salts.
Figure 2.14c
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Important Organic Compounds
• Proteins
• Make up 50% of organic matter in the body
• Have varied functions
Slide 2.33a
Important Organic Compounds
• Amino Acids- the building blocks of proteins
• Have amine group (base) nitrogen
• Have acid group
• Amino Acids join together to form chains
and create a functional protein.
Slide 2.33b
Fibrous Proteins
• Strand-like, structural proteins
• Examples: collagen, cartilage, keratin
Slide 2.33b
Globular Proteins
• Spherical molecules
• They do things rather than just provide
structure
• Also called functional proteins
• 3-D structure is held in place by hydrogen
bonds
• Function depends on active sites on the
surface that interact chemically with other
molecules
Enzymes
• Functional proteins that act as biological
catalysts
• Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.16
Enzymes
• Without enzymes biological reactions
would not occur
• Examples-
• Hydrolase- adds water
• Oxidase- causes oxidation
• Enzyme names always end in –ase
Figure 2.16
Important Organic Compounds
• Nucleic Acids
• Provide blueprint of life
• Composed of C, O, H, N, P
• The building blocks of nucleic acids are
nucleotides
• Nitrogen containing base varies
• 5-carbon sugar is same
• Phosphate group is same
Slide 2.35
Important Organic Compounds
• There are 5 kinds of
nucleotides
• A = Adenine
• G = Guanine
• C = Cytosine
• T = Thymine
• U = Uracil
• DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA- ribonucleic acid
• DNA has- A,T,C,G
Important Organic Compounds
• ATP- Adenosine triphosphate
• Chemical energy used by all cells
• Energy is released by breaking high energy
phosphate bond
• ATP is replenished by oxidation of food
fuels
• ATP ↔ ADP + P + Energy
Slide 2.37
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.18a
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Slide 2.38
How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Figure 2.19
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Slide 2.39