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AA displacement theme seabuckthorn seed oilnutraceutical containing omega 3 (18:3) and omega 6
(18:3) fatty acids
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BODY FAT ACCUMULATION
Waist - all males and post-menopausal females
Hips - pre-menopausal females
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Lecture 7a- 19 October 2015
Water-soluble vitamins
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VITAMINS-SOME GENERAL
COMMENTS
Individual molecules-structures
Do not provide energy-no kcal value but can assist as
coenzymes in metabolism that yields energy
Are needed in microgram or milligram quantities and
therefore are micronutrients
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WHAT ARE THE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
B CLASS AND C
B CLASS
Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Niacin (vitamin B3)
Vitamin B6
Folate
Vitamin B12
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
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B CLASS
THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1)
Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism
-maintains normal appetite
-nervous system functioning
Sources-whole grains, liver, legumes, nuts
Deficiencies- beriberi (mental confusion, peripheral paralysis,
anorexia, edema)
Toxicities – none known
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RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)
Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism,
-tryptophan to niacin conversion
Sources- milk and other dairy products, whole
grain breads, eggs meat, green leafy vegetables
Deficiencies- dermatitis, cracking of the lips,
swollen tongue, photophobia, reddening of the
cornea
Toxicities-none reported
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NIACIN (VITAMIN B3)
Function-coenzyme in energy metabolism
-promotes normal nervous system function
Sources-all protein foods, whole grain and
enriched breads and cereals
Deficiencies-4 Ds (pellagra-dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia,
death)
Toxicities-flushing, liver damage, low blood pressure,
gastric ulcers, diarrhea (deficiencies)?, nausea, vomiting
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VITAMIN B6
Function-coenzyme in amino acid and fatty acid
metabolism
-helps convert tryptophan to niacin
-helps produce insulin, hemoglobin and
nerve coverings and antibodies
Sources –meats, fish, poultry, fruits, green leafy vegetables,
whole grains, nuts
Deficiencies-dermatitis, cracking of the lips, swollen tongue,
abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions, and
anemia
Toxicities-depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches
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FOLATE
Function -coenzymes in DNA synthesis
-vital for new cell synthesis and transmission of heredity
Sources-leafy vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver,
orange juice, fortified foods (eg breads)
Deficiencies-diarrhea, swollen tongue, anemia,
depression, mental confusion, fainting, fatigue
Toxicities - mask B12 deficiency
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VITAMIN B12
Function-coenzyme in the synthesis of new cells
-activates folate
-maintains nerve cells
-metabolism of some fatty and amino acids
Sources -meat, fish, poultry, milk, dairy products, eggs
Deficiencies-glossitis, anorexia, indigestion, weight
loss, anemia, numbing of hands and feet, decreased sense
of position, poor muscle coordination, poor memory,
irritability, depression, paranoia, delirium and hallucinations
Toxicities-none reported
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PANTOTHENIC ACID
Function-part of coenzyme A used in energy metabolism
Sources -meat, poultry, whole grain cereals and legumes
Deficiencies-rare- general failure
Toxicities -perhaps diarrhea
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BIOTIN
Function -coenzyme -energy metabolism
-fatty acid synthesis
-amino acid metabolism,
-glycogen formation
Sources-eggs, liver, yeast breads, gastrointestinal tract flora
Deficiencies- rare-anorexia, fatigue, depression, dry skin,
heart abnormalities
Toxicities-none reported
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VITAMIN C
Function - collagen synthesis, antioxidant, promotes
iron absorption, hormone synthesis, immune function
Sources -citrus fruits and juices, broccoli, cauliflower,
cantaloupe, kiwi fruit, mustard greens, strawberries,
tomatoes
Deficiencies -scurvy (bleeding, muscle degeneration,
delayed wound healing)
Toxicities -diarrhea, cramps, headache, insomnia,
fatigue, hot flashes, gout, aggravation
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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
IDATME
Ingestion- oral, tube, iv
Digestion- none though food must be broken down to
release vitamins for absorption
Absorption-directly into blood via facilitated diffusion
Transport-transported freely in blood
Metabolism- to correct forms and to forms for excretion
Excretion-urine and faeces-whole and metabolites of
vitamins
-saliva? (whole)
-no other routes of excretion
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FUNCTIONAL FOODS
All of foods having significant amounts of various
vitamins
Two issues
Concentrations
Separation of effects- eg cancer
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VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS
(VITAMINS AS NUTRACEUTICALS)
No need if good diet- good diet will meet the nutritional
functions of the vitamins
Can get beneficial effects that cannot get from diet
(concentration issue)
Supplements - get concentration but also potential toxicity
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE
Heart disease
Niacin-lower cholesterol and LDL and increase HDL
Vitamin C-antioxidant
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE CONTINUED
Stroke
Niacin-lipid levels
Vitamin C-antioxidant
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE CONTINUED
Cancer
Vitamin C - antioxidant
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE CONTINUED
Metabolic stress: infection,
:trauma (e.g. head injury)
:burns
:surgery
Increased need, due to fluid loss, for B and C vitamins
-B and C vitamins given through feeding tube or
intravenously
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE CONTINUED
birth defects-neural tube defects (ntds)
e.g. spina bifida
prior to pregnancy- female use of folate to prevent ntds
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE CONTINUED
Common cold - vitamin C
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VITAMINS IN HEALTH AND
DISEASE CONTINUED
Smoking
Body vitamin C levels are decreased by smoking
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WHATS NEW IN WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN
RESEARCH?
Harris et al. 2013. Vitamin C intake and breast cancer
mortality in a cohort of Swedish women. Br J
Cancer.109(1):257-64.
Increased dietary vitamin C intake before breast cancer
diagnosis may give better breast cancer survival.
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