Download Fig. 7-0a

Figure 15.1a Organs of the urinary system.
Hepatic veins (cut)
Inferior vena cava
Adrenal gland
Aorta
Renal artery
Renal hilum
Renal vein
Kidney
Iliac crest
Ureter
Rectum (cut)
Uterus (part
of female
reproductive
system)
(a)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
Figure 15.1b Organs of the urinary system.
12th rib
(b)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 24.18 Pyelogram.
Kidney
Renal
pelvis
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
© 2014
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 15.7 Position and shape of a distended and an empty urinary bladder in an adult man.
Umbilicus
Superior wall
of distended bladder
Superior wall
of empty bladder
Pubic
symphysis
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 24.20 Structure of the urinary bladder and urethra.
Peritoneum
Ureter
Rugae
Detrusor
Adventitia
Ureteric orifices
Trigone of bladder
Bladder neck
Internal urethral
sphincter
Prostate
Trigone
Prostatic urethra
Intermediate part
of the urethra
External
urethralsphincter
Urogenital diaphragm
Urethra
External urethral
orifice
Female.
Spongy
urethra
Erectile tissue
of penis
External urethral
orifice
© 2014
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Male. The long male urethra has three regions: prostatic,
intermediate, and spongy.
Figure 15.2a Internal anatomy of the kidney.
Renal cortex
Renal column
Major calyx
Minor calyx
Renal
pyramid
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
(a)
Figure 15.2b Internal anatomy of the kidney.
Cortical radiate vein
Cortical radiate artery
Renal cortex
Arcuate vein
Arcuate artery
Renal column
Interlobar vein
Interlobar artery
Segmental arteries
Minor calyx
Renal
pyramid
Fibrous capsule
(b)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Renal vein
Renal artery
Renal pelvis
Major calyx
Ureter
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Homeostatic Imbalance 15.3 A urogram of a 35-year-old man after an injection of 80 ml of iodized contrast medium.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 15.3c Structure of the nephron.
PCT
Glomerular
capsular
space
Glomerular
capillary
covered by
podocytes
Efferent
arteriole
Afferent
arteriole
(c)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 24.7b Blood vessels of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
Peritubular
capillary bed
Glomerulus
Afferent
arteriole
Efferent
arteriole
© 2014
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 15.3d Structure of the nephron.
Filtration slits
Podocyte
cell body
Foot
processes
(d)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 15.4 The kidney depicted schematically as a single large, uncoiled nephron.
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular
capillaries
Efferent
arteriole
Cortical
radiate
artery
1
Glomerular
capsule
Rest of
renal tubule
containing
filtrate
2
Peritubular
capillary
Three major
renal processes:
1
2
3
To cortical
radiate vein
Urine
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
3
Glomerular filtration: Water and
solutes smaller than proteins are
forced through the capillary walls
and pores of the glomerular capsule
into the renal tubule.
Tubular reabsorption: Water,
glucose, amino acids, and needed
ions are transported out of the
filtrate into the tubule cells and
then enter the capillary blood.
Tubular secretion: H+, K+,
creatinine, and drugs are removed
from the peritubular blood and
secreted by the tubule cells into
the filtrate.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 15.4 The kidney depicted schematically as a single large, uncoiled nephron (1 of 2).
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular
capillaries
Efferent
arteriole
Cortical
radiate
artery
1
Glomerular
capsule
Rest of
renal tubule
containing
filtrate
2
Peritubular
capillary
3
To cortical
radiate vein
Urine
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 15.4 The kidney depicted schematically as a single large, uncoiled nephron (2 of 2).
Three major
renal processes:
1
2
3
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Glomerular filtration: Water and
solutes smaller than proteins are
forced through the capillary walls
and pores of the glomerular capsule
into the renal tubule.
Tubular reabsorption: Water,
glucose, amino acids, and needed
ions are transported out of the
filtrate into the tubule cells and
then enter the capillary blood.
Tubular secretion: H+, K+,
creatinine, and drugs are removed
from the peritubular blood and
secreted by the tubule cells into
the filtrate.
Figure 15.5 Sites of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in a nephron.
Proximal tubule
Glomerular
HCO3− Glucose and
capsule
NaCl
H2O amino acids
Distal tubule
NaCl
Blood
Some drugs
and poisons
Filtrate
H2O
Salts (NaCl, etc.)
HCO3− (bicarbonate)
H+
Urea
Glucose; amino acids
Some drugs
Reabsorption
Active transport
Passive transport
Secretion
(active transport)
K+ and
some
drugs
H+
Cortex
Collecting
duct
Medulla
H2O
Nephron
loop
NaCl
NaCl
H2O
K+
Urea
NaCl
H2O
Urine
(to renal pelvis)
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Table 15.1 Abnormal Urinary Constituents.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Closer Look 15.1 Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 15.8 The major fluid compartments of the body.
Total body water
Volume = 40 L
60% body weight
Plasma
Volume = 3 L, 20% of ECF
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Volume = 25 L
40% body weight
Interstitial
fluid (IF)
Volume = 12 L
80% of ECF
Extracellular fluid
(ECF)
Volume = 15 L
20% body weight
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 15.9 The continuous mixing of body fluids.
Lungs
Blood
plasma
Gastrointestinal
tract
Kidneys
O2
CO2
Nutrients
H2O,
Ions
H2O, Nitrogenous
Ions
wastes
Interstitial O2
fluid
CO2
Nutrients
H2O
Ions Nitrogenous
wastes
Intracellular
fluid in tissue cells
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 15.10 Water intake and output.
100 ml
250 ml
Foods
30%
750 ml
200 ml
2500 ml
Metabolism
10%
Beverages
60%
1500 ml
Average intake
per day
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
700 ml
Feces 4%
Sweat 8%
Insensible
losses via
skin and
lungs 28%
1500 ml Urine 60%
Average output
per day
Figure 15.11 The thirst mechanism for regulating water intake.
Plasma solutes
Saliva
Osmoreceptors
in hypothalamus
Dry mouth
Hypothalamic
thirst center
Sensation of
thirst; person
takes a drink
Water moistens
mouth, throat;
stretches stomach,
intestine
Water absorbed
from GI tract
KEY:
Initial stimulus
Physiological response
Result
Plasma
solutes
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Increases, stimulates
Reduces, inhibits
Figure 15.12 Flowchart of mechanisms regulating sodium and water balance to help maintain blood pressure homeostasis.
Falling systemic blood pressure/volume
(+)
Inhibits baroreceptors
in blood vessels
Reduced filtrate volume
or solute content in
renal tubules
(+)
(+)
(+)
JG cells of kidneys
Sympathetic nervous
system
(+)
Release
Systemic arterioles
Causes
Renin
Vasoconstriction
Leads to
Results in
Hypothalamic
osmoreceptors
(+)
Posterior pituitary
Release
ADH (antidiuretic
hormone)
(+)
Collecting ducts
of kidneys
Causes
Angiotensin II
formed in blood
Peripheral resistance
H2O reabsorption
(+)
(+)
(+)
Systemic arterioles
Causes
Vasoconstriction
Results in
Peripheral resistance
Adrenal cortex
Secretes
Aldosterone
Targets
Kidney tubules
Causes
Na+ reabsorption (and
H2O absorption)
Results in
Blood volume
KEY:
(+) = stimulates
Renin-angiotensin system
Neural regulation (sympathetic
nervous system effects)
Rising blood pressure
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Effects of ADH release
Figure 15.13 Dissociation of strong and weak acids in water.
H2CO3
HCl
Cl−
Cl−
H+
H+
Cl−
H+
Cl−
H+
Cl−
H+
H+
Cl−
Cl−
H+
(a) A strong acid
such as HCl
dissociates
completely
into its ions.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
H+
HCO3−
H2CO3
H2CO3
HCO3−
H2CO3
H+
H2CO3
(b) A weak acid such
as H2CO3 does
not dissociate
completely.
Figure 15.13a Dissociation of strong and weak acids in water.
HCl
Cl−
H+
H+
−
Cl− Cl
H+
Cl−
H+
Cl−
H+
H+
Cl−
Cl−
H+
(a) A strong acid
such as HCl
dissociates
completely
into its ions.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 15.13b Dissociation of strong and weak acids in water.
H2CO3
H+
HCO3−
H2CO3
H2CO3
HCO3−
H2CO3
H+
H2CO3
(b) A weak acid such
as H2CO3 does
not dissociate
completely.
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Focus on Careers, Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN).
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Systems in Sync 15.1 Homeostatic Relationships Between the Urinary System and Other Body Systems.
Nervous System
Endocrine System
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes;
maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base
balance of blood; produce the hormone
erythropoietin; renal regulation of Na+ and
water balance essential for blood pressure
homeostasis and hormone transport in the blood
• ADH, aldosterone, ANP, and other hormones help
regulate renal reabsorption of water and
electrolytes
Lymphatic System/Immunity
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain
fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
• By returning leaked plasma fluid to
cardiovascular system, lymphatic vessels help
maintain normal systemic blood pressure
needed for kidney function; immune cells
protect urinary organs from infection, cancer,
and other foreign substances
Digestive System
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes;
maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base
balance of blood; also, metabolize
vitamin D to the active form needed for
calcium absorption
• Digestive organs provide nutrients needed for kidney
cell health; liver synthesizes most urea, a nitrogenous
waste that must be excreted by the kidneys
Urinary System
Muscular System
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain
fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood;
renal regulation of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ content in
ECF crucial for muscle activity
• Muscles of pelvic diaphragm and external urethral
sphincter function in voluntary control of
micturition; creatinine is a nitrogenous waste
product of muscle metabolism that must be
excreted by the kidneys
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain fluid,
electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood; renal
regulation of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ content in ECF
essential for normal neural function
• Neural controls involved in micturition; sympathetic
nervous system activity triggers the renin-angiotensin
mechanism
Respiratory System
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain
fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
• Respiratory system provides oxygen required by
kidney cells; disposes of carbon dioxide; cells in
the lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Cardiovascular System
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain
fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood;
renal regulation of Na+ and water balance essential
for blood pressure homeostasis. Na+, K+, and Ca2+
regulation help maintain normal heart function
• Systemic arterial blood pressure is the driving
force for glomerular filtration; heart secretes atrial
natriuretic peptide; blood vessels transport
nutrients, oxygen, etc. to urinary organs
Reproductive System
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain
fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
Integumentary System
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain fluid,
electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
• Skin provides external protective barrier; serves as site
for vitamin D synthesis and water loss (via perspiration)
Skeletal System
• Kidneys dispose of nitrogenous wastes; maintain fluid,
electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
• Bones of rib cage provide some protection to kidneys