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BIOCHEMISTRY
The chemistry of life
ORGANIC COMPOUND
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Contains CARBON and HYDROGEN
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Ex. C6H12O6 is GLUCOSE
INORGANIC COMPOUND
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Does NOT contain carbon and hydrogen
together.
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Examples
H2O = water
 CO2 = carbon dioxide
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ATOMS
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One of the simplest units of matter
Made of:
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Protons-have a positive charge (+)
Electrons-have a negative charge (-)
Neutrons-have NO charge (0)
ELEMENT
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Made of one kind of atom
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Examples:
C = Carbon
 H = Hydrogen
 O = Oxygen
 N = Nitrogen
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COMPOUND
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Two or more atoms are chemically
combined and held together by bonds.
FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC
MOLECULES
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Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
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All organic molecules are made of C,H,O,N
CARBOHYDRATES
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Examples
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Bread
Candy
Brownies
Pasta
Rice
Beans
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All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O)
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CARBOHYDRATES
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3 different types of carbohydrates
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Monosaccharide
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES
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Monosaccharides
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Made of one sugar
End in –ose
Source of energy
Has chemical formula C6H12O6
Ratio of H to O is 2:1
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Examples:
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Glucose
Fructose
Maltose
Lactose
CARBOHYDRATES
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Disaccharide
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End in –ose
Ratio of H to O is 2:1
Consist of 2 sugar molecules
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Example:
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sucrose
CARBOHYDRATES
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Polysaccharides
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3 or more sugars combined
Complex structure
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Examples
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Cellulose
Starches
HOW ARE MOLECULES COMBINED?
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Dehydration Synthesis
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The process by which molecules are joined
together by removing water.
HOW ARE COMPOUNDS BROKEN DOWN?
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Hydrolysis
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The process by which compounds are
separated from each other by adding water.
PROTEINS
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Made of Amino Acids
Always contain C,H,O,N
All structures in an organism are made of
proteins.
Proteins make up:
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Enzymes
Muscle Tissue
Blood Cells
Cell Growth and Repair
Hormones
PROTEINS
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Amino Acids are bonded together with
peptide bonds.
3 Different types
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Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid)
Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids)
Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids)
AMINO ACID STRUCTURE
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Amino Acids are made of 3 parts:
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An amino group
A carboxyl group
An R side chain
Amino Acids
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There are 20 types of amino acids
8 of them are essential
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Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Proline,
Serine
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS OF 2
AMINO ACIDS
HYDROLYSIS OF A PROTEIN
LIPIDS
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Also called fats, oils and waxes
Organic (made of C, H, O)
No ratio of H to O
Found in all living things
Used for
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energy storage
source of energy
insulation
Protection
sub-structure of cell membrane
LIPIDS
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Lipids are made of two parts:
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Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids
LIPIDS
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Two types of fatty acids
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Saturated
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Fats that are NOT double bonded and are solid at
room temperature
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Ex. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheese
Unsaturated
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Fats that are double bonded.
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Ex. Olive oil, Canola Oil
LIPIDS
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In a typical lipid molecule, there are
carboxyl groups
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Contains genetic information (heredity)
Controls cellular activities
Found in all living things
It is organic (C, H, O, N, P)
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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DNA is made of units called nucleotides
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Nucleotides consist of:
A phosphate group
 A monosaccharide (ribose)
 A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)
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A NUCLEOTIDE
DNA
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Double helix
Bases:
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Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
DNA bases are bonded using hydrogen
bonds
RNA
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Carries genetic information from the
nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein
synthesis
Single stranded (NOT double helix)
Smaller than DNA
RNA
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Made of nucleotides
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Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1 base
Bases in RNA:
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Adenine (A)
Uracil (U)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
ENZYMES
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Made of proteins
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Enzymes are organic catalysts
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Contain: ____ _____ _____ _____
Catalysts are chemicals that help chemical reactions
occur
Enzymes remain the same during a chemical reaction
Always end in –ase
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Ex. Lipase, Protease, Glucase, Lactase
ENZYMES
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Lock-and-Key Model
ENZYMES
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In the Lock and Key Model, enzymes must
fit their substrate (enzymes are “specific”)
ENZYMES
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Each enzyme can work on only one
specific substrate
Ex.
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Lipase works only on __________
Sucrase works only on ____________
Protease works only on ____________
__________ works only on fructose
ENZYMES
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Enzymes help perform dehydration
synthesis
ENZYMES
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Enzymes help perform hydrolysis
ENZYMES
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Re-draw and label each part of the picture
ENZYMES
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Enzymes are effected by the following
factors:
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Temperature
pH
Concentration of enzyme
Concentration of substrate
ENZYMES
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Temperature
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Enzymes work best at an optimum
temperature
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Optimum temperature for human enzymes is
______, C or _________, F
Enzyme activity is slower as temperature gets
too cold or too hot
ENZYMES
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Temperature
ENZYMES
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Temperature
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At high temperatures, enzymes will lose their
shape
They denature
 Misshapen enzymes no longer fit in the Lock and
Key Model, so chemical reactions do not take place
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ENZYMES
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pH
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Enzymes rate of reaction is effected by the
amount of acid or base in an environment
ENZYMES
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pH
ENZYMES
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Optimum pH for two different enzymes
ENZYMES
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Concentration
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Increasing the concentration (amount) of an
enzyme or substrate, will only increase the
rate of reaction, to a point
ENZYMES
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Co-enzymes
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Enzymes work with co-enzymes to speed up
the rate of reactions.
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Ex. vitamins