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Chapter 7
Tobacco
History of Tobacco Use
Smoking can be traced back 600-900
A.D.
Columbus received gifts of tobacco
leaves from natives. Upon returning
to Europe Columbus passed along
seeds from the tobacco plant
At first wealthy Europeans used tobacco
and in time it became more
affordable to most people.
Tobacco shops were operating in London
by the early1600s.
Tobacco was used for medicinal
purposes
In 1828, nicotine was isolated and
identified as poisonous and addictive
so tobacco’s reputation as a medicinal
agent declined
In America tobacco was established as a
valuable commodity and was used as
a form
of currency
Until the late 1800s cigarettes were rolled by
hand – the cigarette rolling machine was
patented in 1883. The mass production of
cigarettes cut the price in half.
Cigarette smoking and tobacco use became
more and more popular and as more
evidence regarding the negative effects of
tobacco use became more public it’s
popularity began to decrease
Extent of Tobacco Use
In 2003, about one fourth of high school
seniors had smoked within the
previous 30 days
More adult makes smoke than adult
females
Forms of Tobacco
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Cigarettes
Chewing tobacco
Pipe tobacco
Cigars
Clove Cigarettes
Bidis
Nicotine Tolerance and
Dependence
Experienced smokers and chewers build
up tolerance quickly some in a matter
of weeks
Nicotine addicts exhibit symptoms
characteristic of other forms of
addiction
Symptoms of Withdrawal
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Lower heart rate and blood pressure
Difficulty in maintaining attention
Heightened aggressiveness
Insomnia
Tremors
Hunger
Pharmacology of Tobacco
Nicotine is one of 4,000 chemicals found
in tobacco smoke
Nicotine releases the norepinephrine
which is responsible for stimulation
Nicotine speeds up the blood flow to
skeletal muscles and constricts blood
vessels
Nicotine is absorbed immediately and
reaches the brain in as little as ten
seconds
The liver metabolizes almost all of the
nicotine before it is excreted by the
kidneys
Physical Effects on the
Individual
Heart Disease – Increased Risk
Respiratory Diseases – Increased Risk
Cancer- Increased Risk
Passive Smoke
Passive smoke is referred to as
involuntary or Environmental Tobacco
Smoke (ETS)
Passive smoke is blamed for 3,800
lung cancer deaths each year and
accounts for 8,000 to 26,000 new
asthma cases in children
Rights of Smokers verses
Nonsmokers
Anti-Smoking legislation has been
passed to prevent smoking in many
public places and in enforcing a
minimum age for purchasing
cigarettes
In the 1990s the U.S. Department of
Labor proposed a ban on workplace
smoking
New York City banned tobacco
advertisements on all city-owned
billboards
Airline passengers on all commercial
flights within the United States were
forbidden from smoking
Amtrack passenger trains banned
smoking in first class cars in the
northeast corridor
Legislation was passed that required
the tobacco industry to pay $206
billion among all 50 states over a 25
year period(The Master Settlement
Agreement)
Cessation Techniques
90% of smokers in the United States
who quit do so without any formal
treatment program.
Popular cessation techniques include
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Nicotine Gum
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Nicotine Patches
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Nicotine Inhalers
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Drug Therapy
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Aversive Techniques
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BehaviorModification
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Hypnosis
Nicotine Gum, Patches, Inhalers
Nicotine is contained in gums, patches,
and inhalers. The nicotine is
absorbed into the system and can
result in a reduction in craving to
tobacco
Drug Therapy
 In 1997, the FDA approved Zyban for
smoking cessation. Zyban is an
antidepressant. How it works in
reducing the craving for nicotine is
unclear.
 Another drugs used in smoking
cessation is clonidine
Aversion Therapy
 An example of aversion therapy is
rapid smoking where a person will
smoke as many cigarettes as they
can in a short time. The result will be
a distaste (aversion) to smoking and
may act as a motivator to stop
smoking
Behavior Modification
 This approach involves identifying
behaviors linked to smoking and
changing or modifying those
behaviors.
Hypnosis
 Hypnosis involves hypnotic
suggestion and for some people the
hypnotic suggestion will influence
their behavior, including smoking
behaviors
Summary
 Smoking can be traced back to 500900 A.D.
 There are many forms of tobacco
 Nicotine tolerance and dependence
have been documented
 Nicotine exerts multiple physical
effects
 Passive smoke is a societal concern
 There are a wide variety of smoking
cessation techniques