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Chapter 5
DRUGS
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-1
Introduction
• Drug - a natural or synthetic substance that
produces physiological or psychological effects
in humans or other animals.
• 75% of all evidence being processed in crime labs is
related to illegal drugs
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-2
DEA – NJ Drug Statistics
NJ State Facts
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(http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/state_factsheets/newjersey.html)
Population: 8,717,925
State Prison Population: 26,757
Probation Population: 143,315
Violent Crime Rate National Ranking: 26
2010 Federal Drug Seizures
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Cocaine: 900.78 kg
Heroin: 140.21 kg
Methamphetamine: 47.94 kg/26 DU
Marijuana: 2,887.80kg
Hashish: 57.55 kg.
MDMA: 3,790 DU
Meth Lab Incidents: 3 (DEA, state, and local)
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-3
Narcotics
• Narcotics - drugs that
induce sleep and relieve
pain
 Lowers blood pressure and slows
breathing rate
 Examples:
- Heroin
- Morphine
- Codeine
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-4
Hallucinogens
• Hallucinogens include marijuana, LSD, PCP, and
MDMA (Ecstasy)
• PCP is often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD,
or amphetamine, and is sold as a powder (“angel
dust”), capsule, or tablet.
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-5
Depressants
• Depressants - are substances
used to slow down the functions
of the central nervous system.
• Depressants calm irritability and
anxiety and may induce sleep.
• Examples:
- alcohol
- Rohypnol
- Xanax
- Barbiturates
“Roofies”
- tranquilizers
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-6
Stimulants
• Stimulants – substance that speeds up, or
stimulates, the central nervous system
• Stimulants give the user an adrenaline rush often
followed by a crash.
• Heavy use of stimulants result in paranoia,
restlessness, irritability, and depression.
• The most frequently used stimulant is
coffee with caffeine.
• The most common illegal stimulants are
cocaine and amphetamines.
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-7
Amphetamines
• A group of synthetic stimulants that
are usually called UPPERS or
SPEED.
• Used in diet pills
• Hydroxycut with Ephedra
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-8
COCAINE
• Erythroxoylon coca – the plant
• Increases alertness and energy
• Suppression of hunger, fatigue, and
boredom
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-9
Drug-Control Laws
• The U.S. federal law known as the Controlled
Substances Act will serve to illustrate a legal
drug-classification system created to prevent
and control drug abuse.
• This federal law establishes five schedules of
classification for controlled dangerous
substances based on the drug’s
– potential for abuse
– potential for physical and psychological dependence
– medical use/value
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-10
Your Brain on Drugs
• Youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6N
L41bREHo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OS2
C4NemJI
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-11
Forensic Drug Analysis
• A forensic chemist will determine if a
unknown substance is a drug by performing
a series of tests
• The results will have a direct bearing on the
process of determining the guilt or
innocence of a defendant.
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-12
Drug Identification
2-step procedure:
1) Use screening tests to reduce the number of
possibilities to a small and manageable number.
2) Use more sophisticated tests to pinpoint and confirm
the identity of the drug.
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-13
Drug Identification
Screening tests only tells what drug is possibly present.
(Screening tests are easier, cheaper, and quicker to use.)
Confirmatory tests tell that the drug is positively present.
Screening tests
• Color tests
Confirmatory tests
• Spectrophotometry
• Microcrystalline test
 Ultraviolet (UV)
• Chromatography
 Visible
 Infrared (IR)
• Mass spectrometry
Video – Drug Analysis
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-14
Forensic Drug Analysis
Screening tests
• Color Tests (5 tests) - Suspect material is
subjected to a series of different color tests
that will produce characteristic colors for the
more common illicit drugs.
• Microcrystalline Test
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-15
5 Color Tests
1. Marquis
– turns purple when positive for heroin
and morphine
– turns orange-brown when positive for
amphetamines and
methamphetamines.
2. Dille-Koppanyi – tests for barbiturates
3. Duqenois-Levine – series of chemicals to
test for marijuana
4. Van Urk –tests for LSD
5. Scott – three solution test for the
presence of cocaine. Positive color
sequence is blue-pink-blue.
Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue9zp5P2Mxo
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-16
Microcrystalline Tests
• Microcrystalline tests - used to identify specific drug
substances by studying the size and shape of crystals formed
Cocaine crystal – “K” shaped
methamphetamine crystal
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-17
Confirmation Determination
• Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to
identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all
other known chemical substances.
• Typically infrared spectrophotometry or gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) is
used to specifically identify a drug substance.
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-18
Chromatography
 A technique for separating
mixtures into their
components
 Includes two phases—a
mobile one that flows past a
stationary one.
 The mixture interacts with
the stationary phase and
separates.
Kendall/Hunt
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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5-19
Types of Chromatography
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Paper
Thin Layer (TLC)
Gas (GC)
Pyrolysis Gas (PGC)
Liquid (LC)
High Pressure Liquid (HPLC)
Column
Kendall/Hunt
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
20
5-20
Paper Chromatography
 Stationary phase—paper
 Mobile phase—a liquid solvent
Capillary action moves
the mobile phase through
the stationary phase
Kendall/Hunt
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
21
5-21
Calculating Rf Values
• The distance moved by a pigment is
compared to the distance moved by
the solvent front. We call this
relationship the retention time or
Rf value and define it as follows:
Rf = Distance moved by the pigment
Distance from pigment origin to solvent front
• Paper chromatography can be used to
identify substances both qualitatively
(by color) and quantitatively by its
characteristic Rf value.
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-22
Thin Layer Chromatography
 Stationary phase— a
thin layer of coating
(usually alumina or
silica) on a sheet of
plastic or glass
 Mobile phase—
a liquid solvent
Kendall/Hunt
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
23
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Gas Chromatography
In GC, the moving phase is actually a gas
called the carrier gas, which flows through
a column.
Phases
Stationary —liquid that lines a tube
or column
Mobile — a gas like nitrogen or
helium
•After a mixture passes through
the length of the column, it will
become separated into its
components.
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-24
Gas Chromatography Results
• Chromatogram: The printed record of the separation.
• Retention Time: The time required for a component to
come out of a GC column.
Analysis
 Shows a peak that
is proportional to
the quantity of the
substance present
 Uses retention time
instead of Rf for the
qualitative analysis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xaa9WdXVTM
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5-25
Uses of Gas Chromatography
 Not considered a confirmation of a
controlled substance
 For more accurate results – Used in
conjunction with mass spectroscopy (MS)
and infrared spectroscopy (IR)
a separation tool for MS and IR
 Used to quantitatively measure the
concentration of a sample.
Kendall/Hunt
PRENTICE HALL
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
26
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