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Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Table of Contents
Chapter Preview
7.1 The Air Around You
7.2 Air Pressure
7.3 Layers of the Atmosphere
7.4 Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
7.5 Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere
7.6 Winds
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Wind, or moving air, is caused by
a. Earth’s rotation.
b. Earth’s revolution.
c. uneven heating of Earth’s surface.
d. even heating of Earth’s surface.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Wind, or moving air, is caused by
a. Earth’s rotation.
b. Earth’s revolution.
c. uneven heating of Earth’s surface.
d. even heating of Earth’s surface.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The force of the atmosphere pushing against Earth is
called
a. air pressure.
b. temperature.
c. wind.
d. humidity.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
2. The force of the atmosphere pushing against Earth is
called
a. air pressure.
b. temperature.
c. wind.
d. humidity.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
3. Air pressure near the ocean is ____ air pressure at
the top of a high mountain.
a. greater than
b. less than
c. exactly the same as
d. nearly the same as
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
3. Air pressure near the ocean is ____ air pressure at
the top of a high mountain.
a. greater than
b. less than
c. exactly the same as
d. nearly the same as
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Air exerts pressure equally in
a. only one direction.
b. two directions.
c. three directions.
d. all directions.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Air exerts pressure equally in
a. only one direction.
b. two directions.
c. three directions.
d. all directions.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
How do air pressure and temperature vary in
the atmosphere?
Suppose you dove into a pool.
The deeper you went, the more
water there would be above you.
The weight of the water above
causes the pressure to increase
as you go deeper. Like water, air
has weight, and pushes on you
from all directions. Considering
the example above, how do you
think the pressure of the air
above you would change if you
climbed a mountain?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greek Word Origins
Word
atmos
Meaning
Examples
Vapor, gas
Atmosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greek Word Origins
Word
exo-
Meaning
Examples
Out, outer
Exosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greek Word Origins
Word
meter
Meaning
Examples
Measure
Anemometer, barometer,
thermometer
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greek Word Origins
Word
photo-
Meaning
Examples
Light
Photochemical
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greek Word Origins
Word
thermos
Meaning
Examples
Heat
Thermosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Apply It!
Review the Greek origins and meanings in the table. Then predict
the meaning of exosphere. Revise your definition as needed.
Sample: The exosphere is the outer layer or portion of the
thermosphere; from Section 3.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Chapter
Preview
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
What are three
ways in which the
atmosphere is
important to life
on Earth?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
How would Earth
be different
without the
atmosphere?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
What can individuals
do to improve air
quality?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 1:
The Air Around You
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to describe the composition of
Earth’s atmosphere.
You will be able to state how the atmosphere is
important to living things.
You will be able to identify what causes smog and
acid rain.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 1:
The Air Around You
California Standards
6.4.e Students know differences in pressure, heat air
movement, and humidity result in changes in weather.
6.6.b Students know different natural energy and
material resources, including air, soil, rocks, minerals,
petroleum, fresh water, wildlife, and forests, and know
how to classify them as renewable or nonrenewable.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 1:
The Air Around You
What is the composition of Earth’s
atmosphere?
How is the atmosphere important to living
things?
What causes smog and acid rain?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
What is Atmosphere?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
What is Atmosphere?
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Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Earth’s Atmosphere
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Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Why is the Atmosphere
Important?
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Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Why is Air Quality
Important?
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play video
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Earth’s atmosphere is made up of nitrogen, oxygen,
carbon dioxide, water vapor, and many other gases, as
well as particles of liquids and solids.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Oxygen
Click the Video button to watch a movie about oxygen.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Links on the Atmosphere
Click the SciLinks button for links on the atmosphere.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
More on Air Pollution
Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity
about air pollution.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
The Air Around You
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
As altitude increases,
how does air pressure
change? How does
density change?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
What changes in air
pressure would you
expect if you carried
a barometer down a
mine shaft?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Why is it hard to
breathe at the top of
a mountain?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 2:
Air Pressure
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to identify some properties of
air.
You will be able to name instruments that are
used to measure air pressure.
You will be able to explain how increasing altitude
affects air pressure and density.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 2:
Air Pressure
California Standard
6.4.e Students know differences in pressure, heat air
movement, and humidity result in changes in weather.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 2:
Air Pressure
What are some of the properties of air?
What instruments are used to measure air
pressure?
How does increasing altitude affect air
pressure and density?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Air Pressure
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Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Air Pressure
There is a column of air
above you all the time.
The weight of the air in the
atmosphere causes air
pressure.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Measuring Air Pressure Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about measuring air pressure.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Measuring Air Pressure
Air pressure pushes down on the surface of the mercury
in the dish, causing the mercury in the tube to rise. The
air pressure is greater on the barometer on the right, so
the mercury is higher in the tube.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Measuring Air Pressure
This diagram shows an aneroid barometer. Changes in air
pressure cause the walls of the airtight metal chamber to
flex in and out. The needle on the dial indicates the air
pressure.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Air Pressure and Altitude
Air pressure decreases as altitude increases.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Altitude and Density
The density of air decreases as altitude increases. Air at
sea level has more gas molecules in each cubic meter than
air at the top of a mountain.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
Air Pressure
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
List the four main
layers of the
atmosphere, beginning
with the layer closest
to Earth’s surface?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
What do scientists use
to determine where a
layer begins and ends?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
How does temperature
change as height
increases in the
troposphere? Compare
this to how temperature
changes with height in
the stratosphere.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 3:
Layers of the Atmosphere
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to identify the four main layers
of the atmosphere.
You will be able to describe the characteristics
of each layer.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 3:
Layers of the Atmosphere
California Standard
6.4.e Students know differences in pressure, heat air
movement, and humidity result in changes in weather.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 3:
Layers of the Atmosphere
What are the four main layers of the
atmosphere?
What are the characteristics of each layer?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere
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Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Layers of the
Atmosphere
The atmosphere is divided
into four main layers: the
troposphere, the
stratosphere, the
mesosphere, and the
thermosphere. The
thermosphere is further
divided into the ionosphere
and the exosphere.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Troposphere
•The troposphere (tropo-)
means “turning/changing”
•Rain, snow, storms, and most
clouds occur here
•Contains almost all mass of
atmosphere
•About 12 km thick
(0 to 12 km)
•Most shallow “thin” layer
•Temperature decreases
towards top of layer
•About -60ºC at top of layer
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Stratosphere
•The stratosphere (strato-)
means “layer/spread out”
•Cold near bottom of layer;
warm near top of layer
•Contains most of ozone layer
•Ozone protects us from sun’s
ultraviolet rays
•About 38 km thick
(12 to 50 km)
•Airplanes normally fly here
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Mesosphere
•The mesosphere (meso-) means
“middle”
•Cold near bottom of layer
(-60ºC); colder near top of layer
(-90ºC)
•Protects earth from meteoroids
•About 30 km thick (50 to 80 km)
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Thermosphere
•The thermosphere (thermo-)
means “heat”
•Temperature increases to about
1800ºC
•Surprisingly cold due to thin air
•Very thin air near top of layer
•Has no definite thickness
•Blends with outer space
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Ionosphere
•Begins about 80 km and extends
to about 400 km
•About 320 km thick
•Sun energy causes gases to
charge up into ions
•Brilliant lights result; called
Northern Lights, “aurora
borealis”
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Exosphere
•The Exosphere (exo-) means
“outer”
•Begins at about 400 km and
extends thousands of kilometers
more into space
•Satellites and space stations
orbit here
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Changing Temperatures
The graph shows how
temperatures in the
atmosphere change with
altitude. Use it to answer the
questions that follow.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Changing Temperatures
Reading Graphs:
What two variables are
being graphed? In what unit
is each measured?
Temperature and altitude;
degrees Celsius and
kilometers
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Changing Temperatures
Reading Graphs:
What is the temperature at
the bottom of the
stratosphere?
Approximately –55ºC
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Changing Temperatures
Interpreting Data:
Which layer of the
atmosphere has the
lowest temperature?
The thermosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Changing Temperatures
Making Generalizations:
Describe how temperature
changes as altitude
increases in the
troposphere.
Temperature decreases as
altitude increases.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
More on the Ozone Layer
Click the Planet Diary button for an activity about
the ozone layer.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
Layers of the
Atmosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
What happens to most
of the sunlight that
reaches Earth?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
What happens to the
energy from the sun
that is absorbed by
Earth’s surface?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
How might conditions on
Earth be different
without the greenhouse
effect?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 4:
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to state in what form energy
travels from the sun to Earth.
You will be able to explain what happens to the
sun’s energy in the atmosphere and at Earth’s
surface.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 4:
Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
California Standards
6.3.d Students know heat energy is also transferred
between objects by radiation (radiation can travel
through space).
6.4.b Students know solar energy reaches Earth
through radiation, mostly in the form of visible light.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 4:
Energy in Earth’s
Atmosphere
In what form does energy from the sun
travel to Earth?
What happens to the sun’s energy when it
reaches Earth?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Energy From the Sun
Most of the energy from the sun travels to Earth in the
form of visible light and infrared radiation. A small
amount arrives as ultraviolet radiation.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Energy in the Atmosphere
Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the
atmosphere. The rest passes through to the surface.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect
When Earth’s surface is
heated, it radiates most of
the energy back into the
atmosphere as infrared
radiation. Much of this
energy is held by the
atmosphere, warming it.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Links on Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Click the SciLinks button for links on energy in Earth’s
atmosphere.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
Energy in Earth’s
Atmosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
How do the three types
of heat transfer work
together to heat the
troposphere?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
What is the major way
that heat is transferred
in the troposphere?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Explain how a hawk or
eagle could use
convection currents to
soar upward without
flapping its wings.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 5:
Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to describe how temperature is
measured.
You will be able to identify three ways in which
heat is transferred.
You will be able to explain how heat is
transferred in the troposphere.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 5:
Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere
California Standards
6.3.c Students know heat flows in solids by conduction
(which involves no flow of matter) and in fluids by
conduction and by convection (which involves flow of
matter).
6.3.d Students know heat energy is also transferred
between objects by radiation (radiation can travel
through space).
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 5:
Heat Transfer in the
Atmosphere
How is temperature measured?
In what three ways is heat transferred?
How is heat transferred in the
troposphere?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Temperature and the
Movement of Molecules
The iced tea is cold, so its molecules move slowly. The
herbal tea is hot, so its molecules move faster than the
molecules in the iced tea.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Converting Units
Temperatures in weather reports are usually given in Fahrenheit
scale, but scientists use the Celsius scale. Temperature readings can
be converted from the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius scale using the
following equation:
If the temperature is 68ºF, what is the temperature in degrees
Celsius?
ºC = 20ºC
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature
from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
35.0ºF
1.67ºC
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature
from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
60.0ºF
15.6ºC
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Converting Units
Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature
from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
72.0ºF
22.2ºC
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
How Heat Is Transferred
Heat is transferred in three ways: radiation, conduction,
and convection.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Radiation is the transfer of energy through space.
3 types of heat transfer: radiation, conduction, and
convection
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Radiation
Radiation is heat transferred with no direct contact
between the objects. Heat energy is transferred
through space.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Conduction
Conduction is heat transferred by direct contact/touch
between objects.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Convection
Convection is heat transferred through gases or
liquids.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Links on Heat Transfer
Click the SciLinks button for links on heat transfer.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
Heat Transfer in the
Atmosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 6:
Winds
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to state how scientists describe
and explain winds.
You will be able to distinguish between local
winds and global winds.
You will be able to identify where the major
global wind belts are located.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 5:
Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere
California Standard
6.4.e Students know differences in pressure, heat air
movement, and humidity result in changes in weather.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Section 6:
Winds
What causes winds?
How do local winds and global winds differ?
Where are the major global wind belts
located?
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Angle of the Sun’s Rays
Energy from the sun strikes Earth most directly near the
equator. Near the poles, the same amount of energy is
spread out over a larger area.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Coriolis Effect
As Earth rotates, the
Coriolis effect turns
winds in the Northern
Hemisphere toward the
right.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Global Wind Belts
A series of wind belts
circles Earth. Between
the wind belts are
calm areas where air is
rising or sinking.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Global Winds Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about global winds.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Jet Streams
The jet streams are high-speed bands of winds occurring
at the top of the troposphere.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Convection Currents
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convection currents.
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
End of Section:
Winds
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
QuickTake Quiz
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Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Chapter 7 The Atmosphere
Practice Test!
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practice test!