Download Key Concepts: Ch. 7

Key Concepts Ch. 23
 Human land use
 Types and uses of US public lands
 Forests and forest management
 Implications of deforestation
 Management of parks
 Establishment and management of
nature preserves
 Importance of ecological restoration
Land Use in the World
Fig. 23-2
p. 595
Land Use in the United States
Rangeland
and pasture
29%
Fig. 23-3 p. 595
Types of US Public Lands
 Multiple-use lands: National Forests;
National Resource Lands
 Moderately-restricted use lands:
National Wildlife Refuges
 Restricted-use lands: National Park System;
National Wilderness Preservation System
US Public Lands
Fig. 23-4
p. 596
Managing US Public Land
Biodiversity and ecological function
No subsidies or tax breaks for use
Public should get fair compensation
Users held responsible for actions
Takings and property rights
Managing and Sustaining Forests
Ecological Importance of Forests
Food webs and energy flow
Water regulation
Local and regional climate
Numerous habitats and niches
Air purification
Managing and Sustaining Forests
Economic Importance of Forests
Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)
Industrial timber and lumber
Pulp and paper
Medicines
Mineral extraction and recreation
Forest Structure
Fig. 23-9 p. 601
Types of Forests
Old-growth (frontier) forests
Second-growth forests
Tree farms/plantation
Fig. 23-18 p. 609
Forest Management
Rotation cycle
Even-aged management
Industrial forestry
Uneven-aged management
Improved diversity
Sustainable production
Multiple-use
Management Strategies
Fig. 23-11 p. 601
Fig. 23-12 p. 602
Logging Roads
Increased erosion and runoff
Habitat fragmentation
Pathways for exotic species
Accessibility to humans Fig. 23-13 p. 602
Harvesting Trees
 Selective cutting
 High-grading
 Shelterwood cutting
 Seed-tree cutting
 Clearcutting
 Strip cutting
Fig. 23-14 p. 603
Sustainable Forestry
Longer rotations
Selective or strip cutting
Minimize fragmentation
Improved road building techniques
Certified sustainable grown
(See Solutions p. 598)
Pathogens
Fungal Diseases
Chestnut blight
Dutch elm disease
Insect Pests
Bark beetles
Gypsy moth
Fire
Surface fires
Crown fires
Fig. 23-17 p. 607
Forest Resources and Management in
the United States
Habitat for threatened and endangered
species
Water purification services
Recreation
3% of timber harvest
Sustainable yield and multiple use
Substitutes for tree products
Tropical Deforestation
 Rapid and increasing
 Loss of biodiversity
 Cultural extinction
 Unsustainable agriculture and ranching
 Clearing for cash crop plantations
 Commercial logging
 Fuelwood
Degradation of Tropical Forests
Fig. 23-22
p. 615
Reducing Tropical Deforestation
 Identification of critical ecosystems
 Reducing poverty and population growth
 Sustainable tropical agriculture
 Encourage protection of large tracts
 Debt-for-nature swaps
 Less destructive harvesting methods
The Fuelwood Crisis
 Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants
 Burning wood more efficiently
 Switching to other fuels
Fig. 23-25 p. 618
Managing and Sustaining National Parks
 Most parks are too small to maintain
biodiversity
 Invasion by exotic species
 Popularity a major problem
 Traffic jams and air pollution
 Visitor impact (noise)
 Natural regulation
 Better pay for park staff
Establishing, Designing, and Managing
Nature Reserves
 Include some moderate disturbance
 Sustain natural ecological processes
 Protect most important areas
 Buffer zones
 Gap analysis
 Wilderness areas
See Solutions p. 625
Ecological Restoration
Ecological restoration
Restoration ecology
Rehabilitation
Replacement
See Individuals Matter p. 630
Creating artificial ecosystems
Natural restoration
Key Concepts Ch. 24
 Economic and ecological importance
 Effects of human activities
 Protecting and sustaining aquatic diversity
 Protecting and sustaining fisheries
 Protecting and restoring wetlands
The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity
Coral reefs
Estuaries
Deep ocean floor
Food items
Many chemicals
Medicines and drugs
Fig. 24-2
p. 636
Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity
 Species loss and endangerment
 Marine habitat loss and degradation
 Freshwater habitat loss and degradation
 Overfishing
 Nonnative species
 Pollution and global warming
Protecting and Sustaining Marine
Biodiversity
 Protect endangered and threatened species
 Establish protected areas
 Integrated coastal management
 Regulating and preventing ocean pollution
 Sustainable management of marine fisheries
Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine
Fisheries
Fishery regulations
Economic approaches
Bycatch reduction
Protected areas
See Spotlight p. 650
Nonnative species
Consumer information
Aquaculture
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring
Wetlands
Fig. 24-12 p. 653
Regulations
Mitigation banking
Land use planning
Wetlands restoration
Control of invasive
species
See Individuals Matter p. 652
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes
Pollution
Invasive species
Water levels
Cultural
eutrophication
Fig. 24-13 p. 655
Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Rivers
Pollution
Disruption of
water flow
Loss of
biodiversity
Invasive species
Fig. 24-14 p. 656