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UNIT 1 1450- 1648 th, th th 15 16 , 17 centuries Renaissance Reformation & Religious Wars Exploration & Conquest Absolutism & New Thinking The Crises of the Late Middle Ages The Great Loss in Population Monarchs & Rulers imposing new political Order Religious crisis Europe in 1300 Geography of Europe in 1300 Europe = many small states!! Major states at this time: England Scotland Norway Sweden Portugal Denmark France Bohemia (= Czech Republic today) Austria Teutonic Order (= Baltic states today) Do not yet exist as we know them today: Spain = Castile, Aragon, Granada, Navarre; not united Italy = Sicily, Papal States, + others; not united Germany = not united; part of Holy Roman Empire Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg = the Low Countries Russia = group of principalities; Mongol Yoke (1237-1480) Nations of SE Europe = part of Byzantine Empire (1) Great Famine (1315-1322) From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine. Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth. Causes price inflation terrible weather (mini ice age) In 1315 the price of wheat rose 800% 3 SFHS cookies cost $1.25. With 800% inflation $10! In 1303 and 1306-1307, the Baltic Sea froze! Dürer’s Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1497-98) Consequences susceptibility to disease later marriage population homeless rich farmers buy out poor farmers volatile land market unemployment migration of young males to towns crime War Pestilence Famine Death Int’l trade = consequences spread far Gov’t. responses ineffective Geography of Europe in 1400 From 1300-1400 states consolidated their holdings = fewer small states Major states at this time: England Union of Kalmar = Norway, Sweden, Denmark Scotland Poland-Lithuania Portugal Bohemia France Hungary Austria Wallachia (= Romania today) Ottoman Empire Do not yet exist as we know them today: Spain, Italy, Germay = still not united Russia = still under Mongol Yoke (1237-1480) The Renaissance Period Black Death 100 Years War Changes in the Church Social Unrest Origins of the Renaissance Changing Society Changing Political Structure Intellectual and Culture Changes Italian v. Northern Renaissance Journal #1 What would you do if you know you were going to die in less than a week? Things to think about Possessions Food School Friends (1)Black Death (1348) Boccaccio in The Decameron: The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors. Causes famine susceptibility to disease advances in shipbuilding Rats (fleas from rats) on ships from Black Sea urban overcrowding & poor sanitation & hygiene The Culprits The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. bubonic = spread by flea Human is infected! Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. pneumonic = spread human-human Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria. The Symptoms Buba Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate. The Mortality Rate 35-50% (could be up to 70%) 25,000,000 dead!!! Essential Question What were the most significant effects of the Black Death on Medieval Europe???? Giovanni Boccacio- The Decameron -Read the Introduction of The Decameron - Complete Graphic organizer after using introduction and slides Consequences – Social pogroms against Jews Migration (move to city) clergy care for sick (demand for religious services for dead, and dying) Social conflicts of classes (Peasant Revolts) The burning of Jews in 1349 Consequences – Economic unemployment (Farms decline) productivity, wages, & standard of living (limited laborers) Nobles decline in power (pay more for products & labor) Agricultural prices craft guilds take new members (laborers migrate to city to learn skills) inflation PLabor S1 S P2 P1 D Q2 Q1 Wage Increase QLabor Consequences – Psychological/Cultural Pessimism art & lit – theme of death Flagellants (beat themselves in ritual penance) new colleges & universities – more localized culturally Europe becomes more divided Dance Macabre (Hans Holbein) "And no bells tolled and nobody wept no matter what his loss because almost everyone expected death ... and people said and believed, 'This is the end of the world.'" - Agnolo di Tura, chronicler of Siena in central Italy, on the Black Death, 1348 Essential Question: Assessment What were the most significant effects of the Black Death on Medieval Europe???? 3 to 5 sentences Essential Questions What were the causes of the Hundred years war? What were the outcome of the Hundred years war? Get into Groups of 3 One Person Find Causes of 100 years war One person Find Progress/Development of War One Person Find Outcomes of 100 years war Pg. 298-302 (2) Hundred Years’ War (ca 1337-1453) ENGLAND VS. FRANCE Battle of Sluys (1340). Illustration from a manuscript of Froissart’s Chronicles. Causes 1: Controversy over succession to French throne Charles IV of France dies heirless French nobility selects Philip VI of Valois Chosen over Edward III of England Long history of prejudice & animosity between French and English people “no woman or her son could succeed to the [French] monarchy” 1340 – proclaims himself King of France Causes 2: French land belonging to British monarchy English claim Aquitaine as ancient inheritance & occupy it as vassal to French crown Philip VI confiscates Aquitaine in 1337 Aquitaine Pointhieu Causes 3: Wool trade & control of Flanders Wool trade b/t England & Flanders Flanders = French fief Flanders wants independence from French rule & asks English for help Flanders Causes 4: Struggle for French national identity France 3x population and far wealthier then England France disunited caused by social conflicts Estates general (too divided to be effective) Peasants had to pay increasing taxes French vassals (land holders) of Philip VI side with Edward III to assert independence from French crown Course 1: English Winning at 1st Crécy, Calais, Poitiers, Agincourt victories English longbow vs. French crossbow Cannon England Embargo to Flanders= rebellions by merchants & signed alliance with England Capture King John II the Good Course 2: French Victory Joan of Arc to the rescue! Orléans = turning point King Charles VII receives crown back Height of English Dominance, 1429 Consequences England France -development of • physical destruction parliament (Commons) • unified France -Peace of Bretigny-Calais •Centralized government Both Sovereignty over English Territories in France • economic problems •Burgundy became a Major power -Treaty of Troyes –disinherited •social discontent •Pay 3 million gold crowns • nationalism The legitimate heir to to get King John the Good Frnech throne and proclaimed Release Henry V successor to King Charles VI France becomes unified! France in 1453 France in 1337 Journal # 2 What were the causes of the Hundred years war? What were the outcome of the Hundred years war? (3) Church in Decline Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376) Pope moves to Avignon Popes live extravagantly Cut off from Rome needed to get funds Annates (taxes for first year in office) Indulgences (sell pardons for unrepeated sins) Shorter time in purgatory Could buy them for those already dead Rome left in poverty Clement V Avignon Great Schism (1376-1417) 2 popes!! (Rome & Avignon) Gregory XI brings papacy back to Rome Within sphere of influence of France King Charles V wanted papacy to return to Avignon Urban VI (Rome) – aggressive reform causes anger & second election Clement VII (Avignon) – “antipope” Great Schism divides Europe politically Conciliarism: Theory Reform movement Pope derives power from entire Christian community Constitutional structure: pope + general council Marsiglio of Padua John Wyclif & Lollards Conciliarism: Practice Council of Pisa (1409) 3 popes!! Council of Constance (1414-1418) – 3 goals: 1. end Great Schism 2. end heresy 3. reform church Results: Kings asserted their Power over the church (France & England) -others reformed®ulated Religious life Jan Hus (6) Peasant Revolts Jacquerie (1358) Causes: Long-term socioeconomic grievances 100 Years War – taxation English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) Causes: Result: Crushed by nobility Long-term socioeconomic grievances (Statute of Laborers freezes wages) Urging by preachers 100 Years War – French raids Head tax on adult males Result: Crushed by Richard II but serfdom disappeared by 1550 Society Life went on even in the face of calamity. What did 14th c. society look like? Marriage & Family Arranged Based on economics (vs. ♥) Age: men in mid-late 20s, women <20 Children = objects of affection No divorce (annulments in rare cases) Prostitution Legal & regulated Not respected Urban Life in the Parish Work Rural: farming Urban: craft guilds – hard to enter (more open post-plague) Women “inferior” limited opportunities Religion Central to life lay control over parish affairs Recreation Aristocracy: tournaments Commoners: archery, wrestling, alcohol Both: “blood sports,” executions Race & Ethnicity on the Frontiers Migration of peoples to frontier regions “race”/“ethnicity” = used to mean language, customs, laws (vs. blood) Legal dualism: natives subject to local laws & newcomers subject to laws of former homeland Ireland as exception – Statute of Kilkenny (1366) As time passed, moved away from legal dualism toward homogeneity & emphasis on blood descent Dalimil Chronicle Vernacular Literature Dante, Divine Commedy (Italy) Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (England) Villon, Lais & Grand Testament (France) Christine de Pisan, The City of Ladies, etc. (France) lay literacy – due to needs of commerce & gov’t. Dante Christine de Pisan presenting her book to the Queen of France Europe in 1400 The Renaissance Journal #3 “O highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.” Write the quote down Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not? Italian City-States Florence Economic prosperity Mediterranean trade routes Development of banking & credit Social dynamism Popolo grasso “Fat people Nobles, wealthy merchants, manufactures Mediocri Smaller merchants & market artisans Popolo Minuito “little people Laborers, artisans Italian City-State Government Constitutional oligarchies dominated by powerful wealthy families Manipulated electoral process Played off rivalries and implemented rule (sometimes by Force) Medici (Venice, Siena, Florence & Lucca Francesco Sforza (Milan) THE “ISMS” of the Renaissance Humanism Individualism Secularism Scientific Naturalism Humanism intellectual movement based on study of the Latin & Greek classics (classicism) humanities (liberal arts): grammar, rhetoric, poetry, ethics, history & Philosophy renewed interest in man and new view of humankind Instead of law, medicine & theory believed in human potential and glorified man’s dignity man depicted in art as the center of the world civic humanism: application of humanist education to civil service First half of renaissance How humanism affected the city-states themselves vs. Middle Ages – learning confined largely to Christian monasteries; subordination of humans to God; human body should be covered up, not glorified (Christian worldview) Individualism new emphasis on individual achievement belief that the individual ought to be free to think, speak, and act for himself Able to discover truth & wisdom Could interpret text w/o assistance of Clergy vs. Middle Ages – cooperation within small communities; individual achievement subordinate to religious faith/piety (Christian worldview) “O highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.” . . . .we are “ the molder and sculptor of himself.” - Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494) Individualism: Self portrait emerged Titian, Portrait of Empress Isabel of Portugal, 1548 (oil on canvas) Titian, Portrait of Emperor Charles V at Muhlberg, 1548 (oil on canvas) Secularism increasing concern with the material rather than spiritual world material values: money/wealth, material goods, leisure time/activities vs. Middle Ages – focus on the spiritual world/Kingdom of Heaven (Christian worldview) Pieter Bruegel, Peasant Dance, 1568 (oak on panel) Secularism Boccaccio (1313-1375), The Decameron: “Niccolò’s son, Filippo, being a young man and a bachelor, was wont sometimes to bring thither a woman for his pleasure, and after keeping her there for a few days to escort her thence again. Now on one of these occasions it befell that he brought thither one Niccolosa, whom a vile fellow, named Mangione, kept in a house at Camaldoli as a common prostitute. And a fine piece of flesh she was, and wore fine clothes, and, for one of her sort, knew how to comport herself becomingly and talk agreeably.” Hans Holbein, The Ambassadors, 1533 (oil on wood) Scientific Naturalism close observation and study of the natural world geometry / proportions / space / laws of perspective anatomy realistic portrayal of natural world vs. Middle Ages – less realistic and more stylized; focus is on representation of God rather than representation of God (Christian worldview) Leonardo da Vinci, Vitruvian Man, 1492 (pen and ink) study of ideal proportions Scientific Naturalism Leonardo da Vinci, Study of a woman’s hands, date unknown (drawing) Leonardo da Vinci, Larynx and legs, 1510 (drawing) You are Michelangelo You are assigned to design a mural for the ceiling Can be words, pictures (drawn), or a collage (of pictures from the computer) Has to fill up the whole 8x11 piece of white paper 1 paragraph typed on the back or on a separate piece of paper describing your work DUE Tuesday Get on the floor and stare at the ceiling 3 minutes for inspiration The Renaissance Architecture (Renaissance vs. Medieval Gothic) Paintings (Leonardo Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo) Sculpting (Michelangelo, Donatello) Writings (Petrarch,Pico Della Mirandola, Machiavelli Complete your graphic organizer You will go around the stations and write down everything you notice about the writings, paintings, sculptors or architectures For each station you have 5 minutes The Renaissance & Gender Considered sinful daughters of eve (church view) Subordinate to men Can own property & write wills but cannot sell w/o permission Boys valued more than girls Female babies were abandoned or sent to convents Some educated girls Considered liability cause of marriage Became writers, publishers, booksellers, printers No prominent female painters Couldn’t go to university or be an apprentice Journal #4 If you were a leader and you could not be both would you rather be loved or feared? Explain your answer The End of the Renaissance The French Invasions Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe Decline of the City States Political life deteriorated Medici despotism faced opposition War between rival families Exiled Machiavelli Tried to outdo each other in violence, brutality, & prayer Dis-unification led to Invasions King Charles VIII marches through Italy (1st invasion) Pope Alexander VI allows France back in (2nd invasion) Priest/Monk Savonarola of Florence welcomed arrival was because of sin (secularism) Corrupt pope Allows King Louis XII to invade Milan King Francis I invades (3rd time) Goes to war with SPAIN Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe France Spain England Holy Roman Empire Decline of Nobility (Black Death) & Decline of Cleary (Schism)= Increase growth of Monarchies Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe France Professional army Collapse of English Empire in France (100 years war) Death of Charles Bold of Burgundy= King Louis XI to secure monarchy England War of Roses (York vs. Lancaster) Richard III kills Edward’s son to secure throne Henry VII (Henry Tudor) marries Elizabeth of York & unites royal families Spain Union of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united kingdoms Secured borders Christianize Spain (state controlled religion Charles I- inheritance united Spain and elected emperor Sponsored Christopher Columbus (expansion Mexico & Peru gold & silver) Holy Roman Empire Golden Bull established 7 member electoral college and elected emperor Rights of power balanced between princes & emperor Princes share executive power because of Supreme Court of Justice Decline of Nobility (Black Death) & Decline of Cleary (Schism)= Increase growth of Monarchies End of Renaissance By 1530 Artistic styles reflected loss of Selfconfidence due to Invasions Optimism declined Renaissance (you can do it attitude was lost) Northern Vs. Italian Renaissance French Invasions of Italy leads to Renaissance in Northern Europe mid Italian Renaissance Patronage of church Nude painting Viewed medieval period sad interlude between time Individualism 15th century Northern Renaissance Didn’t have patronage of church Religiosity remained important Non nudes Viewed medieval period as establishment of Political institutions and customs Christian humanism (Christian past)- editing texts To early Christian writings Desiderius Erasmus Priests claimed “that they’ve properly performed their duty if they reel off perfunctorily their feeble prayers which I’d be greatly surprised if any God could hear or understand.”
