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DNA
What is the genetic code
• DNA is the genetic code
What does the “code”
code for?
• DNA codes for genes which contain the
information on how to make proteins.
What is the shape of
DNA?
What is the job of DNA
• To hold the genetic or heredity information for
a living organism
What is the monomer
that makes up DNA?
• The mononmer of DNA is the
• Nucleotide
What is the shape of
DNA?
•Double Helix
What are the parts of the
nucleotide?
What are the parts of the
nucleotide?
•Phosphate
•Sugar
•Base
What is the DNAs job?
What is the DNAs job?
•Molecule that stores genetic
information in all organisms
What kind of bonds are
there in DNA?
What kind of bonds are
there in DNA?
• Covalent-appear between the phosphate and
the sugar (deoxyribose)
• Hydrogen- appear between the nitrogen bases
What are the four bases
of DNA?
What are the four bases
of DNA?
• Thymine
• Adenine
• Cytosine
• Guanine
What is the base pairing
rules of DNA?
What is the base pairing
rules of DNA?
•A=T
•C=G
What is the difference
between a pyrimidine and a
purine?
What is the difference
between a pyrimidine
and a purine?
PyrimidineSingle ring
PurineDouble ring
When do cells replicate?
When do cells replicate?
•During S Phase
of the cell cycle
What is made during
replication?
What is made during
replication?
•2 strands of DNA
Why is replication
needed?
Why is replication
needed?
•Replication assures
that every cell has a
complete set of
identical genetic
information
What molecules are
involved in replication?
What molecules are
involved in replication?
•DNA molecules
•DNA
polymerase
Describe the steps in the
process
Describe the steps in the
process
• 1. Enzymes begin to unzip the the double helix
along the chromosome.
• 2. Floating nucleotides pair with the bases on
the template strands. DNA polymerases bond
the nucleotides together.
• 3. Two identical molecules of DNA result. Each
molecule has one strand from the original
molecule and one new strand.
Why is replication semi
conservative?
Why is replication semi
conservative?
• One strand of the DNA came from the original
molecule and another part is newly formed
Where does transcription
happen?
Where does transcription
happen?
• Transcription happens in the nucleus as DNA
converts into an intermediate molecule called
RNA
What is made?
What is made?
•mRNA is made
What molecules are
involved?
What molecules are
involved?
• DNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• RNA polymerase
Why is it needed?
Why is it needed?
•To create RNA
which will make a
protein.
Describe the steps of the
process
Describe the steps of the
process
• 1. A transcript ion complex of RNA polymerase
recognizes a start of a gene and begins to
unwind a segment of DNA
• 2. RNA polymerase use one strand of DNA as a
template. G pairs with C and A pairs with U
• 3. RNA separates from the DNA template
What is a “codon”?
What is a “codon”?
•Three nucleotide
sequence
What do they code for?
What do they code for?
•Amino acids
What is translation?
Where does it happen?
What is translation?
Where does it happen?
•A process that converts or
translates mRNA message
into a polypeptide
•It happens in the
cytoplasm on a ribosome.
How is the code read?
How is the code read?
•In units of three
nucleotides left to
right.
What are the steps for
translation
What are the steps for
translation
• 1. Exposed codon attracts a complementary tRNA
molecule bearing an amino acid. The tRNA anticodon
pairs with the mRNA codon
• 2.Ribosomes form a peptide bond with two amino
acids and break the bond with the first tRNA and its
amino acid
• 3. Ribosome pulls the mRNA strand the length of the
codon. The first tRNA shifts into the exit site where it
leaves the ribosome and returns to the cytoplasm to
recharge. The first site is empty , exposing the next
mRNA codon.
What is produced at the
end?
What is produced at the
end?
•Protein
What things can the
product of translation
do?
What things can the
product of translation
do?
• Makes proteins for the cells use
• Makes hormones
• Makes enzymes
• Helps express traits
Summary of protein
synthesis
•What or where it is
•Job/other features
DNA
•What or where it is
•Job/other features
DNA
•What or where it is
• In the nucleolus
•Job/other features
• Stores genetic information
DNA Polymerase
•What or where it is
•Job/other features
DNA Polymerase
•What or where it is
• Nucleus
•Job/other features
• Checks and fixes the nucleotide bonds
that are incorrect, helps to bind
nucleotides.
Gene
•What or where it is
•Job/other features
Gene
•What or where it is
• Region of DNA
•Job/other features
• Codes for a particular protein
RNA Polymerase
•What or where it is
•Job/other features
RNA Polymerase
•What or where it is
• Nucleus
•Job/other features
• Helps to bind the strand of RNA from a DNA
template.
mRNA
•What or where it is
•Job/other features
mRNA
•What or where it is
•Nucleus and cytoplasm
•Job/other features
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the message
that will be translated to form a protein.
tRNA
•What or where it is
•Job/other features
tRNA
•What or where it is
• Cytoplasm
•Job/other features
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids
from the cytoplasm to a ribosome.
Ribosome
•What or where it is
•Job/other features
Ribosome
•What or where it is
•Cytoplasm
•Job/other features
•Organelle that links amino acids
Amino Acid
•What or where it is
•Job/other features
Amino Acid
•What or where it is
• Molecules that make up proteins
•Job/other features
• Connect by peptide bonds to form a
protein.
Proteins/Polypeptides
•What or where it is
•Job/other features
Proteins/Polypeptides
•What or where it is
•Cytoplasm
•Job/other features
• To help cells perform their functions.
You need to write this
down!!!!!
• Chargaff’s BASE-PAIRING RULES STATE THAT
IN
• DNA: A pairs with T, C pairs with G
• iN RNA: A pairs with U, C pairs with G.