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Structural hierarchy in proteins
The reaction of dansyl chloride in end group analysis
The hypothetical rate of the carboxypeptidase-catalyzed release of
amino acids: all bonds cleaved at the same rate
The hypothetical rate of the carboxypeptidase-catalyzed release of
amino acids: Ser slow, Tyr fast, and Leu intermediate
Specificities of various exopeptidases
Specificities of various endopeptidases
Edman degradation
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain
Primary structure of bovine insulin
Flow diagram for
polypeptide
synthesis by the
solid phase method
Amino acids with benzyl-protected side chains and Boc-protected
a-amino groups
Connecting two peptides: native chemical ligation
END
Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c from 38 species
Amino Acid Sequences of Cytochromes c from 38 Species
Amino Acid Difference Matrix for 26 Species of Cytochrome ca
The PAM-250 Log Odds Substitution Matrix
Flow diagram of the chain-terminator (dideoxy) method of DNA
sequencing
Autoradiograph of
a sequencing gel
A portion of the output of a four reaction/one gel
sequencing system
Genome sequencing strategies
Scanning electron microscope of human erythrocytes. (a) Normal
human erythrocytes revealing their biconcave disklike shape
Scanning electron microscope of human erythrocytes. (b) Sickled
erythrocytes from an individual with sickle-cell anemia
A map indicating the regions of the world where malaria caused by
P. falciparum was prevalent before 1930
Phylogenic tree of cytochrome c
Rates of evolution of four unrelated proteins
A phylogenetic tree for cytochrome c
Phylogenetic tree of the globin family
Rate of sequence change in evolving proteins. (a) Protein evolving
at random and that initially consists of 5% each of the 20 “standard”
amino acid residues
Rate of sequence change in evolving proteins. (b) A protein of
average amino acid composition evolving as is observed in nature
Sequence alignment with dot matrices
The optical alignments of human myoglobin (Mb, 153 residues) and
the human hemoglobin a chain (Hba, 141 residues)
A guide to the significance of normalized alignment scores (NAS) in
the comparison of peptide sequences
Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of
10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)].
(a) Comparison matrix
Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of
10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)].
(b) Transforming the matrix
Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of
10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)].
(c) Transformed matrix
Phylogenetic trees
An unrooted phylogenetic tree of the five HIPIP sequences that are
aligned in Fig. 7-30c
Manipulations employed in the neighbor-joining method for the
construction of a phylogenetic tree
A DNA chip
The photolithographic synthesis of a DNA chip
Variation in the expression of genes that encode proteins known as
cyclins (Section 34-4C) in human tissues
Some Sequenced Genomes
Some Sequenced Genomes
Amino acid analysis via HPLC
The generation of the gas phase ions required for the mass
spectrometric analysis of proteins: electrospray ionization (ESI)
The generation of the gas phase ions required for the mass
spectrometric analysis of proteins: matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization (MALDI)
The generation of the gas phase ions required for the mass
spectrometric analysis of proteins: fast atom bombardment (FAB)
The ESI-MS spectrum of the 17 kD horse heart
protein apomyoglobin
The use of a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) in
amino acid sequencing
Peptide mapping
The tandem mass spectrum of the doubly charged ion of the 14residue human [Glu1]fibrinopeptide B (m/z = 786)
Peptide mapping
Sequence determination of an oligonucleotide by partial digestion
with snake venom phosphodiesterase
Use of the Needleman-Wunsch alignment algorithm [alignment of
10-residue peptide (horizontal) with 11-residue peptide (vertical)].
(d) Alignment
Examples of peptide sequence alignments
Reaction cycle in the
phosphoramidite method of
oligonucleotide synthesis
World Wide Web Addresses for the Major Protein
and DNA Sequence Data Banks