Download Muscles Review Sheet

Muscles Review Sheet
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What muscle layer surrounds an individual
muscle fiber?
What muscle layer surrounds a fascicle
(bundle of muscle fibers)
What muscle layer surrounds a bunch of
fascicles?
What muscle layer becomes the tendon?
What is the MUSCLE FASCIA
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Endomycium
Perimycium
Epimycium (becomes the tendon)
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MUSCLE FASCIA is loose fibrous connective
tissue on the outside of the muscle.
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It creates a slippery surface for muscles to rub
against each other.
What does it do?
What is an aponeurosis?
Name four types of muscles
Which muscle type has long fibers that contract a
long way but are relatively weak?
Name 3 types of PENNATE MUSCLES
What type of muscle has many short fascicles,
is fairly strong, and insert on one side of a
tendon?
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A modified tendon. It usually inserts just under
the skin. This occurs in the palm and scalp.
TYPES OF MUSCLES:
 PARALLEL
 PENNATE
 CONVERGENT
 CIRCULAR
PARALLEL MUSCLE
PENNATE (pinnate=feather)
1. UNIPENNATE
2. BIPENNATE
3. MULTIPENNATE
UNIPENNATE
Muscles Review Sheet
What muscle type has fascicles that insert into
the tendon from both sides?
BIPENNATE
What muscle type has fascicles in multiple
bundles inserting on one tendon?
MULTIPENNATE are the strongest; they are multi-tendon
(biceps femoris; deltoid).
Which muscle type is the strongest?
What muscle type has more fibers than parallel,
the fibers come together on the tip of a tendon,
and contract a greater distance than pinnate?
What does a Circular Muscle form?
CONVERGENT MUSCLE
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Circular Muscle forms SPHINCTER.
Muscles Review Sheet
Define ORIGIN
Define INSERTION
Origin: The region which usually doesn’t move when the
muscle contracts. Look at the biceps brachii; does the
shoulder move when I bend my arm (insertion)? No; the
shoulder = origin.
Insertion: The point of attachment that moves; bend arm,
radial tuberosity = attachment.
What is the main muscle for a particular action
called?
What is the muscle that helps the agonist (primary
mover)?
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AGONIST
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SYNERGIST
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ANTAGONIST
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SKELETAL
SMOOTH
CARDIAC
What muscle does the opposite action of the prime
mover?
What are the 3 types of muscle cells?
Which muscles are voluntary?
Which are striated?
1) Skeletal
2) Skeletal and cardiac
Where is skeletal muscle found and what
does it do?
Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and it moves the
skeleton
Where is cardiac muscle found and what
structure does it have that the other muscle
types do not have?
Cardiac muscle is only in the heart. It has intercalated
discs
Smooth muscle is found in almost all organs.
Where is smooth muscle found?
What is a muscle stem cell called?
MYOBLAST
Why are there almost no muscle diseases?
Because adults have myoblasts and because muscle can
heal.
What 2 things are needed for muscle contraction?
NERVE SIGNAL and CALCIUM
What is a MOTOR UNIT?
A single neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it
synapses.
Muscles Review Sheet
What happens to muscles after much exercise?
What happens to muscles after lack of use?
Exercise  HYPERTROPHY (Hyper=above normal)
(growth in size); can happen in two ways:
1. Increase in number of myofibrils
2. Increase in number of myofilaments
3. Increase in size of individual myofibers
NOTE: the number of myofibers does NOT increase
Lack of use  ATROPHY.
What are characteristics of muscle atrophy?
a) It is caused by lack of use
b) myofilaments within the muscle decrease in size
c) severe atrophy involves replacement of muscle
fibers with connective tissue
d) damaged nerve and immobilization in a cast can
cause atrophy
Atrophy does NOT involve loss of muscle cells
What is MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY caused
from?
This is a genetic lack of a protein called DISTROPHIN.
The muscle cell won’t contract = paralysis.
What is the main symptom?
When smooth muscle contracts around the
intestines, the movement is called?
What type of muscle has a series of gap
junctions (for cell-to-cell communication) and
desmosomes (that hold cells together) which join
each cell?
PERISTALSIS.
Cardiac Muscle
Fill in the table:
Skeletal
muscle
Involuntary
or
voluntary?
Striated or
non-striated
Where is it
found?
Smooth
muscle
Cardiac
muscle
Involuntary
voluntary?
Striated or
nonstriated
Where is it
found?
Skeletal
muscle
Voluntary
Smooth
muscle
Involuntary
Cardiac
muscle
Involuntary
Striated
Nonstriated
Myometriu
m of
uterus,
intestines,
blood
vessels,
bladder,
other
organs
Striated
Inserts
onto
bones
Myocardium
of heart
Muscles Review Sheet
What is the normal state of a muscle, with some
contraction?
What is the molecular energy needed for
MUSCLE CONTRACTION?
What does the mitochondria need in order to
produce this energy?
What are MUSCLE SPASMS
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MUSCLE TONE
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ATP.
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The mitochondria need oxygen and the sugars
that are in storage to produce this energy.
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Sudden and involuntary muscle
contractions. Usually caused from
overexertion. Needs heat and massage to
increase circulation.
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You can avoid muscle spasms by stretching
before and after activities.
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The amount of oxygen needed to replenish the
supply following anaerobic demand.
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You experience oxygen debt when you
continue to breathe heavily after exercising
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improved muscular strength, endurance,
flexibility
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improved cardio-respiratory endurance
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increased bone density and strength
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How can you avoid them?
What is OXYGEN DEBT?
How do you know when you have it?
Name 4 physiological benefits of exercise:
Muscle myofibrils contain what two proteins?
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relief from depression and increased HDLs
Actin and myosin
What is it that contracts in muscle?
What is the basic structural and functional unit
of skeletal muscle?
What is a single muscle cell called?
What are the two types of myofilaments?
Do actin and myosin shorten?
When does the sliding filament mechanism
begin?
Which myofilament does calcium bind onto?
Where is calcium stored for muscle
contraction?
To which myofilament does ATP attach in a
muscle fiber?
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The sarcomere
Sarcomere
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Muscle fiber or myofiber
Actin (thin) and myosin (thick)
No, they just slide past each other
When calcium ions bind to the myofilament.
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The thin (actin filament)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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ATP attaches to the myosin filament
Muscles Review Sheet
What is required for muscle relaxation?
What neurotransmitter is used for contraction
of skeletal muscle?
What two proteins wrap around actin?
What specific molecule on actin is the binding
site for calcium?
What covers the actin filament when muscle is
relaxed?
Which protein blocks the attachment site for
myosin heads?
What size motor unit will supply less strength
and more precision?
What is muscle tone?
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ATP
Acetylcholine
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Tropomyosin and troponin
Troponin
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Tropomyosin and troponin
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Tropomyosin
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Small motor unit
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What is HYPOtonia? What type of hypotonia
is there?
What group of disorders often present with
HYPOtonia?
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What is hypertonia? What two types of
HYPERtonia are there?
How do you test for the presence of spasticity?
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What autoimmune disorder often presents with
spasticity?
What other three disorders often present with
spasticity?
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The normal state of muscle, with some
contraction.
Not enough muscle tone
Flaccidity
Lower motor neuron diseases (certain spinal
cord injuries and lesions, ALS/Lou Gehrig’s
Disease)
Excess muscle tone
Spasticity and Rigidity
Passively move their elbow quickly, and their
muscle will tighten up
Multiple sclerosis
How do you test for clonus?
The presence of clonus indicates what type of
disorder?
How can you test for the difference between an
upper and lower motor neuron disorder?
What is the most common cause of hyperreflexia?
What generally causes muscle fasciculations?
Does alcohol cause them?
What is the most common cause of
hyporreflexia?
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Cerebral palsy, certain spinal cord injuries
and lesions, and stroke (upper motor neuron
disorders)
 rapidly dorsiflexing the foot. If the foot then
jerks 5 times or more, clonus is present.
 Upper motor neuron disorder (Cerebral palsy,
spinal cord injury, and stroke)
 LMN disease will present with flaccidly
(hypotonia), and UMN disease presents with
spasticity (hypertonia)
 Spinal cord injury involving upper motor
neurons
 Diarrhea
 Dehydration
 Fatigue
 Benadryl
Alcohol does NOT cause them. It relaxes muscle
 Lower motor neuron disease
Muscles Review Sheet
What are the waste products of regular, aerobic
respiration? How do we get rid of them?
What is the waste product of anaerobic
metabolism? How do we get rid of it?
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CO2 and water. We exhale them
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What stops us from being able to continue
performing anaerobic metabolism (when you
have to stop sprint running and catch your
breath)?
What is lacking in muscular dystrophy?
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Lactic acid. We breathe heavier to bring in
oxygen, which converts lactic acid into
glucose
Glucose depletion and buildup of too much
lactic acid.
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The protein, distrophin, which causes muscles
to harden.