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Exam 2
1.
Of the following, which is most luminal in the alimentary tract?
A. mesentery
B. serosa
* C. mucosa
D. longitudinal muscle layer
E. circular muscle layer
2.
Which of the following describes the contraction of the GI smooth muscle?
A. contractions occur rapidly
B. contractions are "jerky" and "spastic" in nature
* C. contractions occur via the Ca++ - Calmodulin pathway
D. contractions occur via the sarcomere/T-tubule system
E. contractions occur via Tropomyosin-Troponin pathway
3.
Which of the following describes the movement of the electrical signals in the GI smooth muscle?
A. they are generated by each individual cell and do not travel to other cells
B. they travel between tight junctions
C. they travel in a halting pattern around the alimentary tract
* D. they travel readily and longitudinally from one fiber to the next within a bundle
E. they do not travel through muscle layers
4.
Which of the following electrical waves determines the rhythm of the GI contractions?
* A. slow waves
B. spike potentials
C. resting membrane potentials
D. tonic contractions
E. basic electrical rhythm
5.
Which of the following is known for causing slow waves in the GI tract?
A. changes in Na+ flux
B. changes in K+ influx
C. changes in Ca++ concentration
D. slow undulation of the Na+ /Ca++ pump
* E. cause of slow waves is unknown
6.
Which of the following describes the GI spike potential?
A. causes muscle contraction
B. is a true action potential
C. last longer than action potentials of large nerves
D. has a frequency of about 10/sec
* E. all of the above
7.
Which of the following is true of Ca++ in the GI smooth muscle?
* A. entry of Ca++ into muscle fiber causes contraction
B. they are affected by slow waves
C. no calcium enters muscle during spike potentials
D. entry of Ca++ into muscle fiber diminishes the force of the contraction
E. entry of Ca++ into muscle fibers is stimulated by slow waves
Which of the following is true for the myenteric plexus?
A. has cord like appearance
B. lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers
C. increases the tonic contraction of the gut
* D. All of the above.
8.
E. None of the above.
9.
Which of the following is true for the submucosal plexus?
A. lies in the mucosa
B. outer plexus
* C. controls GI secretions
D. regulates systemic blood flow
E. controls functions of outer wall
10.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract?
A. extensive supply in the small intestine and colon
B. has lumbar division
C. does not involve the vagus nerve
* D. postganglionic neurons are located in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses
E. stimulation generally decreases activity of enteric nervous system
11.
Which of the following is true for afferent sensory nerve fibers from the gut?
* A. may arise in the gut
B. all cell bodies lie outside of the enteric nervous system
C. only cause excitation
D. only cause inhibition
E. are not affected by substances in the gut
12.
Which of the following is a reflex from the gut to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and back to
the GI tract to cause evacuation of the colon?
* A. gastrocolic reflex
B. enterogastric reflex
C. coloileal reflex
D. defecation reflex
E. gastrointestinal reflex
13.
Which of the following is secreted by the "I" cell in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum?
* A. CCK
B. secretin
C. GIP
D. ACH
E. gastrin
14.
Which of the following moderately inhibits stomach motility?
* A. CCK
B. serotonin
C. vagal stimulation
D. ACH
E. gastrin
15.
Which of the following slows emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum when the upper
small intestine is already filled?
A. histamine
B. pepsin
* C. GIP
D. ACH
E. gastrin
16.
Which of the following is described as the peristaltic reflex plus the analward direction of
movement of the peristalsis?
A. myenteric reflex
B. receptive relaxation
* C. law of the gut
D. peristalsis
E. propulsive movement
17.
Which of the following nerves innervates most of the muscles of mastication?
* A. trigeminal
B. facial
C. glossopharyngeal
D. accessory
E. hypoglossal
18.
In the chewing reflex, initially the bolus of food in the mouth causes what response?
A. contraction of the muscles of mastication
* B. inhibition of the muscles of mastication
C. raising of the jaw to cause closure of the teeth
D. compression against the hard pallet
E. swallowing
19.
Of the three phases of deglutition, which one is voluntary?
* A. 1st phase
B. 2nd phase
C. 3rd phase
20.
In which of the stages of deglutition is the soft palate pulled upward to close the posterior nares?
A. voluntary
* B. pharyngeal
C. esophageal
D. stomach
E. involuntary
21.
In which of the stages of deglutition does a rapid peristaltic wave begin at the superior part of the
pharynx and spread to the esophagus?
A. voluntary
* B. pharyngeal
C. esophageal
D. stomach
E. involuntary
22.
What part of the esophagus contains striated muscle?
A. upper 1/3
B. middle 1/3
C. lower 2/3
D. all of it
E. none of it
In what part of the esophagus, in the absence of vagal stimulation, does the myenteric nerve plexus
cause swallowing?
A. upper 1/3
B. middle 1/3
* C. lower 2/3
D. all of it
*
23.
E. none of it
24.
Which of the following is not associated with the lower esophageal sphincter?
A. circular muscle
B. juncture with the stomach
C. tonic contraction
D. aided by the valve-like mechanism below the diaphragm
* E. contraction via receptive relaxation
25.
In what portion of the stomach are mixing waves initiated?
A. upper 1/3
B. lower 2/3
* C. midportion
D. pyloric region
E. antrum
26.
Which of the following occurs when the contents of the stomach squirt backward through the
peristaltic ring toward the body of the stomach due to pressure of the peristaltic ring and the
contraction of the pyloric muscle?
A. regurgitation
* B. retropulsion
C. repulsion
D. disgustion
E. propulsion
27.
Which of the following is a characteristic of hunger pangs?
A. begin about 4 hours after last meal
B. increase with elevated blood glucose levels
C. occur in fundus and cardia of stomach
* D. gradually weaken over time
E. most intense following a large carbohydrate meal
28.
Which of the following is true of gastrin?
A. it is an enzyme
B. secreted in response to low pH
* C. causes secretion of acidic gastric juice by the stomach glands
D. has inhibitory effects on the motor function of the stomach
E. decreases activity of the pyloric pump
29.
What is the main stimulus from the duodenum for the release of hormones?
A. meat breakdown products
* B. fat
C. carbohydrates
D. water
E. acidic pH
30.
What is the main controller of stomach emptying?
A. degree of filling
B. gastrin
* C. duodenum - enterogastric nervous system
D. alkaline chyme
E. carbohydrates in chyme
31.
What elicits localized concentric contractions of the intestinal wall?
A. hormones
* B. enteric nervous system
C. CCK
D. gastrin
E. stretch
32.
Which of the following is responsible for reduced secretions in the GI tract as a result of
sympathetic stimulation?
A. increase blood flow
* B. constriction of blood vessels
C. increased metabolic rate
D. local autoregulation
E. reactive hyperemia
33.
GI hormones are composed of what type of substances?
A. fat and cholesterol
B. glycoproteins
* C. polypeptides or polypeptide derivatives
D. fatty acids
E. steroids
34.
Which of the following type of gland is not found in the GI tract (alimentary canal)?
A. mucous cells
B. goblet cells
* C. complex glands
D. pits - epithelial invaginations
E. tubular glands
35.
If the vagus nerve is destroyed, which of the following structures will be the least affected?
A. pancreas
B. esophageal glands
C. gastric glands
D. ileum
* E. distal portion of large intestine
36.
37.
38.
Which of the following will lead to a reduction of secretions from the GI glands?
A. presence of food in the GI tract
B. tactile stimulation
* C. sympathetic stimulation
D. parasympathetic stimulation
E. distention of the gut wall
Which of the following is a major ingredient of mucus?
A. HCl
* B. glycoprotein
C. cholesterol
D. glycerol
E. glycolipid
The amphoteric properties of mucus allow it to act as which of the following?
* A. pH buffer
B. lubricant
C. dehydrating substance
D. adherence for fecal material
E. prevention of excoriation
39.
Which of the following salivary secretions is important to infants for the digestion of milk fat?
* A. lingual lipase
B. lactoferrin
C. IgA
D. mucin
E. muramidase
40.
Which of the following would be found in serous saliva?
* A. ptyalin
B. mucin
C. mucous
D. glycoproteins
E. IgG
41.
What pH range is optimum for ptyalin activity?
A. 3 - 4
B. 4 - 5
C. 5 - 6
* D. 6 - 7
E. 7 - 8
42.
Which of the following has a direct effect on the concentration of ions in saliva?
A. ADH
B. rennin
C. Angiotensin II
D. blood pressure
* E. aldosterone
43.
Which of the following will increase in concentration in the saliva when aldosterone levels rise?
* A. K+
B. Na+
C. Ca++
D. ClE. Mg++
44.
Which of the following is a proteolytic enzyme found in saliva?
A. thiocyanate ions
B. HCO3* C. lysozyme
D. salivary amylase
E. lingual lipase
45.
Which of the following inhibit or reduce salivation?
A. sour taste
B. smooth objects in the mouth
* C. rough objects in the mouth
D. excitation from the tongue
E. excitation form the pharynx
46.
Which of the following cells are found in the isthmus of a gastric pit?
* A. mucous neck cells
B. peptic cells
C. chief cells
D. parietal cells
E. oxyntic cells
47.
Which of the following cells are found in the base of the gastric pits?
A. mucous neck cells
B. salivary cells
* C. chief cells
D. parietal cells
E. oxyntic cells
48.
Which of the following substances is activated by HCl?
A. mucus
B. intrinsic factor
* C. pepsinogen
D. protein
E. salivary amylase
49.
At what pH does pepsin become inactive?
A. > 2.0
B. > 3.5
* C. > 5.0
D. >7.0
E. >8.0
50.
*
Which of the following cells produce the intrinsic factor?
A. D-cells
B. salivary cells
C. chief cells
D. peptic cells
E. oxyntic cells
51.
Which of the following is synonymous with tributyrase?
* A. gastric lipase
B. intrinsic factor
C. HCl
D. pepsin
E. gastric amylase
52.
Pernicious anemia can result with a decrease in which of the following?
A. gastric lipase
* B. intrinsic factor
C. HCl
D. pepsin
E. gastric amylase
53.
Which of the following is not produced in the pyloric glands?
* A. HCl
B. mucous
C. pepsinogen
D. gastrin
54.
Which of the following line the entire surface of the stomach between glands?
* A. mucous-secreting cells
B. oxyntic glands
C. peptic cells
D. chief cells
E. oxyntic cells
55.
What is a major function of gastrin?
* A. stimulates the secretion of acid by parietal cells
B. regulates pH of duodenum
C. blocks ACH release
D. blocks HCl secretion by parietal cells
E. stimulates the vagus
56.
Which of the following is a function of gastrin?
A. inhibits the secretion of acid by the parietal cells
* B. strongly stimulates parietal cells
C. has major effect on all cells of the GI tract
D. inhibits gastric motility
E. decreases pressure of LES
57.
Which of the following is a function of gastrin?
A. inhibits the secretion of acid by the parietal cells
B. weakly stimulates parietal cells
C. has major effect on all cells of the GI tract
D. inhibits gastric motility
E. increases pressure of LES
*
58.
Which of the following can stimulate HCL secretions?
A. ACH
B. gastrin
C. histamine
D. caffeine
* E. All of the above
59.
Which of the following is a stimulus for pepsinogen secretion?
A. ACH from thoracic nerves
B. ACH from paravertebral ganglia
* C. acid in the stomach
D. pH of 5
E. alkaline mucous
60.
Which of the following is true for the gastric phase of gastric secretion?
* A. initiated by food in the stomach
B. accounts for about 20% of gastric secretion
C. initiated by the sight of food
D. initiated by the smell of food
E. all of the above
61.
62.
Which of the following activates trypsinogen?
A. enterokinase
B. trypsin
C. chymotrypsin
D. procarboxypolypeptidase
* E. A & B
AB. All of the above.
Which of the following activates procarboxypolypeptidase?
A. trypsinogen
* B. trypsin
C. chymotrypsin
D. enterokinase
E. All of the above
63.
*
64.
Which of the following needs bile and calcium ions to function?
A. pancreatic lipase
B. ribonucleases
C. deoxyribonucleases
D. cholesterol esterase
E. phospholipase
Which of the following is the only non-proteolytic enzyme that requires activation by trypsin?
A. pancreatic lipase
B. ribonucleases
C. deoxyribonucleases
D. cholesterol esterase
E. phospholipase
*
65.
Where are bicarbonate ions secreted in the pancreas?
A. acini
B. islets of Langerhans
C. alpha cells
* D. epithelial cells of ducts leading from the acini
E. pancreatic duct
66.
Which of the following stimuli for pancreatic secretion is stimulated primarily by the presence of
highly acid food in the small intestine?
A. diet
B. ACH
C. cholecystokinin
* D. secretin
E. acid chyme
67.
Which of the following is a major stimulator of secretin release?
A. bicarbonate
B. distention of the stomach
* C. HCl
D. blood secretin levels
E. prosecretin
68.
*
69.
70.
Which of the following occurs during hydrolysis of carbohydrates?
A. removal of H+ from monosaccharides
B. removal of OH- from monosaccharides
C. return of OH- and H+ to polysaccharides
D. combining of monosaccharides
E. addition of water to the polysaccharides
Which of the following is product of glycogen breakdown?
A. lactic acid
* B. maltotriose
C. pyruvic acid
D. glucagon
E. dextrins
Which of the following is the majority product formed by carbohydrate digestion?
* A. glucose
B. disaccharides
C. glycogen
D. starch
E. fructose
71.
Which of the following causes the greatest increase of surface area in the small
intestine?
A. folds of Kerckring
B. villi
* C. microvilli
D. plica circularis
E. haustrations
72.
During absorption of carbohydrates, the movement of glucose is dependent on
what other substance?
A. sodium
B. galactose
C. water
D. potassium
E. amylase
*
73.
*
74.
*
75.
*
Which of the following competes with glucose for movement during absorption?
A. glucose
B. fructose
C. galactose
D. dextrose
E. lactose
Which of the following is not a source of endogenous protein?
A. ingested protein
B. salivary secretions
C. bile
D. epithelium
E. digestive secretions
Which of the following is a major stomach protease?
A. trypsin
B. chymotrypsin
C. pepsin
D. pepsinogen
E. proelastase
1.
Of the following, which is most external in the alimentary tract?
A. submucosa
* B. serosa
C. longitudinal muscle layer
D. muscularis mucosae
E. lamina propria
2.
Which of the following describes the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract?
A. 20 -50 mm in length
B. 2-10 mm in diameter
* C. parallel fibers arranged in bundles
D. connected by tight junctions
E. fibers function individually
3.
Which of the following describes the movement of the electrical signals in the GI smooth muscle?
A. they are generated by each individual cell and do not travel to other cells
B. they travel between tight junctions
C. they travel in a halting pattern around the alimentary tract
* D. they travel readily and longitudinally from one fiber to the next within a bundle
E. they do not travel through muscle layers
4.
Which of the following electrical waves determines the rhythm of the GI contractions?
* A. slow waves
B. spike potentials
C. resting membrane potentials
D. tonic contractions
E. basic electrical rhythm
5.
Which of the following generate spike potentials in the GI tract?
A. Na+/K+ pumps
* B. Ca++/Na+ channels
C. K+/Ca++ pumps
D. fast Na+ channels
E. movement of Ca++ out of the smooth muscle cell
6.
Which of the following is true for the Auerbach's plexus?
* A. mostly linear chains of interconnecting neurons extending the length of the gut
B. excitatory only
C. inhibitory only
D. excites pyloric sphincter - causing closure of the sphincter
E. inner plexus
7.
Which of the following is true for the submucosal plexus?
A. lies in the mucosa
B. outer plexus
* C. controls GI secretions
D. regulates systemic blood flow
E. controls functions of outer wall
Which of the following most often excites GI activity?
A. substance P
B. cholecystokinin
C. dopamine
D. norepinephrine
* E. ACH
8.
9.
Which of the following is true for afferent sensory nerve fibers from the gut?
* A. may arise in the gut
B. all cell bodies lie outside of the enteric nervous system
C. only cause excitation
D. only cause inhibition
E. are not affected by substances in the gut
10.
Which of the following is a reflex from the gut to the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and back to
the GI tract to cause evacuation of the colon?
* A. gastrocolic reflex
B. enterogastric reflex
C. coloileal reflex
D. defecation reflex
E. gastrointestinal reflex
11.
Which of the following is secreted by the "I" cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum?
* A. CCK
B. secretin
C. GIP
D. ACH
E. gastrin
12.
Which of the following slows emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum when the upper
small intestine is already filled?
A. histamine
B. pepsin
* C. GIP
D. ACH
E. gastrin
13.
*
Which of the following is a stimulus for peristalsis?
A. inulin
B. atropine
C. epinephrine
D. extrinsic nervous signal
E. sympathetic stimulation
14.
Which of the following is descriptive of the migrating motor complex?
A. occurs immediately after eating
B. recurs about every 15 minutes
* C. sweeps digestive secretions and debris into colon
D. begins in jejunum and spreads to colon
E. it is a block of about 100 contractions
15.
Which of the following describes the arterial and venous blood flow in the villi?
A. parallel
* B. countercurrent
C. constant
D. absent
E. diminished with parasympathetic stimulation
16.
In the chewing reflex, initially the bolus of food in the mouth causes what response?
A. contraction of the muscles of mastication
* B. inhibition of the muscles of mastication
C. raising of the jaw to cause closure of the teeth
D. compression against the hard pallet
E. swallowing
17.
*
18.
Which of the following is accomplished during the process of mastication?
A. increased absorption of food
B. increased protein digestion
C. breakage of the cellulose membranes of fruits and vegetables
D. decrease in the surface area of food products
E. increased excoriation of the GI tract
What is the order of the stages of deglutition?
* A. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
B. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal, stomach
C. voluntary, involuntary
D. pharyngeal, esophageal, stomach
E. voluntary, involuntary, esophageal, stomach
19.
Which of the following enzymes split protein molecules into small polypeptides?
* A. trypsin
B. pepsinogen
C. carboxypolypeptidase
D. proelastase
E. pepsin
20.
Which of the following enzymes split protein molecules into small polypeptides?
* A. chymotrypsin
B. pepsinogen
C. carboxypolypeptidase
D. proelastase
E. pepsin
21.
*
22.
Which of the following can digest collagen?
A. trypsin
B. chymotrypsin
C. carboxypolypeptidase
D. proelastase
E. pepsin
Which of the following begins the process of protein digestion?
A. trypsin
B. chymotrypsin
C. carboxypolypeptidase
D. proelastase
* E. pepsin
23.
*
24.
*
Which of the following cleaves amino acids from carboxyl ends of polypeptides?
A. chymotrypsin
B. pepsinogen
C. carboxypolypeptidase
D. proelastase
E. pepsin
Which of the following perform the last stage of intestinal digestion of proteins?
A. chymotrypsin
B. pepsinogen
C. carboxypolypeptidase
D. enterocytes
E. pancreatic enzymes
25.
What is responsible for the initiation of the mixing waves of the stomach?
A. action potentials
B. spike potentials
* C. basic electrical rhythm
D. slow waves
E. decreased resting membrane potential
26.
Which of the following occurs when the contents of the stomach squirt backward through the
peristaltic ring toward the body of the stomach due to pressure of the peristaltic ring and the
contraction of the pyloric muscle?
A. regurgitation
* B. retropulsion
C. repulsion
D. disgustion
E. propulsion
27.
Which of the following is a characteristic of hunger pangs?
A. begin about 4 hours after last meal
B. increase with elevated blood glucose levels
C. occur in fundus and cardia of stomach
* D. gradually weaken over time
E. most intense following a large carbohydrate meal
28.
Which of the following is true of gastrin?
A. it is an enzyme
B. secreted in response to low pH
* C. causes secretion of acidic gastric juice by the stomach glands
D. has inhibitory effects on the motor function of the stomach
E. decreases activity of the pyloric pump
29.
*
30.
Which of the following is a characteristic of secretin?
A. released from duodenal mucosa
B. stimulated by gastric acid
C. weakly decreases GI motility
D. All of the above.
E. Only B & C
What is the main controller of stomach emptying?
A. degree of filling
B. gastrin
* C. duodenum - enterogastric nervous system
D. alkaline chyme
E. carbohydrates in chyme
31.
*
What provides maximum exposure of fecal matter to the wall of the large intestine?
A. segmentation
B. peristalsis
C. haustrations
D. tenia coli
E. defecation reflex
32.
Which of the following are deep invaginations of the small intestinal epithelium containing
specialized secretory cells?
* A. crypts of Lieberkuhn
B. tubular glands
C. acini cells
D. complex glands
E. gastric cells
33.
Which of the following is responsible for reduced secretions in the GI tract as a result of
sympathetic stimulation?
A. increase blood flow
* B. constriction of blood vessels
C. increased metabolic rate
D. local autoregulation
E. reactive hyperemia
34.
Which of the following is a major stimulus for the constriction of the gallbladder to empty bile?
* A. hormonal stimulation
B. local neural stimulation
C. parasympathetic stimulation
D. sympathetic stimulation
E. neural reflexes
35.
GI hormones are composed of what type of substances?
A. fat and cholesterol
B. glycoproteins
* C. polypeptides or polypeptide derivatives
D. fatty acids
E. steroids
36.
If the vagus nerve is destroyed, which of the following structures will be the least affected?
A. pancreas
B. esophageal glands
C. gastric glands
D. ileum
* E. distal portion of large intestine
37.
The amphoteric properties of mucus allow it to act as which of the following?
* A. pH buffer
B. lubricant
C. dehydrating substance
D. adherence for fecal material
E. prevention of excoriation
38.
*
39.
40.
Which of the following is a protein that binds with iron?
A. lingual lipase
B. lactoferrin
C. IgA
D. mucin
E. muramidase
Which of the following would be found in serous saliva?
* A. ptyalin
B. mucin
C. mucous
D. glycoproteins
E. IgG
Which of the following has a direct effect on the concentration of ions in saliva?
A. ADH
B. rennin
C. Angiotensin II
D. blood pressure
* E. aldosterone
41.
*
Which of the following is a function of saliva?
A. reduces taste
B. prohibits swallowing
C. aids in oral hygiene
D. interferes with speech
E. delays digestion
42.
Which of the following substances is activated by HCl?
A. mucus
B. intrinsic factor
* C. pepsinogen
D. protein
E. salivary amylase
43.
Which of the following is an active proteolytic enzyme?
A. pepsinogen
B. amylase
C. HCl
* D. pepsin
E. gastrin
44.
At what pH does pepsin become inactive?
A. > 2.0
B. > 3.5
* C. > 5.0
D. >7.0
E. >8.0
45.
Which of the following is necessary for the GI absorption of the vitamin B 12?
A. gastric lipase
* B. intrinsic factor
C. HCl
D. pepsin
E. gastric amylase
46.
Which of the following controls gastric secretion?
A. HCl
B. pepsinogen
C. pepsin
* D. gastrin
E. intrinsic factor
47.
Which of the following line the entire surface of the stomach between glands?
* A. mucous-secreting cells
B. oxyntic glands
C. peptic cells
D. chief cells
E. oxyntic cells
48.
Which of the following is true for ACH regulation of gastric secretion?
A. blocks receptors on secretory cells
B. inhibits all secretory cells in the gastric glands
C. excites few secretory cells in the gastric glands
D. released at sympathetic nerve endings with vagi stimulation
* E. released at parasympathetic nerve endings with vagi stimulation
49.
What is a major function of gastrin?
* A. stimulates the secretion of acid by parietal cells
B. regulates pH of duodenum
C. blocks ACH release
D. blocks HCl secretion by parietal cells
E. stimulates the vagus
50.
Which of the following cells secrete gastrin?
A. G cells of the gland in the fundus
B. G cells of the glands in the body of the stomach
C. G cells of the pyloric glands
D. G cells of the duodenum
E. G cells of the of the jejunum
*
51.
Which of the following is true for long vagovagal reflexes of the stomach?
A. originate in the stomach submucosa
B. travel through thoracic nerves
C. transmitted through the enteric nervous system
* D. travel to the brain stem
E. originate in the spinal cord
52.
Which of the following is a stimulus for pepsinogen secretion?
A. ACH from thoracic nerves
B. ACH from paravertebral ganglia
* C. acid in the stomach
D. pH of 5
E. alkaline mucous
53.
*
Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of gastric secretion?
A. oral, esophageal, gastric, intestinal
B. cephalic, oral, gastric, duodenal, colonic
C. cephalic, gastric, duodenal, colonic
D. cephalic, gastric, intestinal
E. gastric, intestinal, colonic
54.
Which of the following is true for the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
A. accounts for 70% of gastric secretion
* B. occurs before food enters the stomach
C. occurs after food enters the stomach
D. neurogenic signals originate in the vagus
E. occurs via vagovagal reflexes
55.
Which of the following substances is activated by HCl?
A. mucus
B. intrinsic factor
* C. pepsinogen
D. protein
E. salivary amylase
56.
*
Which of the following is not associated with triglycerides?
A. neutral fats
B. fatty acids
C. water
D. glycerol
57.
*
58.
*
Which of the following is involved in the digestion of fats?
A. removal of water from the triglyceride molecule
B. combining of the fatty acid with the glycerol
C. hydrolysis
D. proteases
E. amylase
Which of the following inactives salivary amylase?
A. pepsin
B. pH <4
C. pancreatic amylase
D. ptyalin
E. glycogen
59.
Which of the following is the majority product formed by carbohydrate digestion?
* A. glucose
B. disaccharides
C. glycogen
D. starch
E. fructose
60.
Which of the following causes the greatest increase of surface area in the small
intestine?
A. folds of Kerckring
B. villi
* C. microvilli
D. plica circularis
E. haustrations
61.
*
62.
*
63.
During absorption of carbohydrates, glucose and galactose are co-transported with what other
substance?
A. water
B. potassium
C. chloride
D. sodium
E. protein
Which carbohydrate does not require the presence of sodium for movement
during absorption?
A. glucose
B. fructose
C. galactose
D. dextrose
E. lactose
Which of the following is an action of coffee or other stimulants?
A. suppression of cyclic AMP
B. formation of free fatty acids
* C. increase release of free fatty acids
D. increased storage of fat
E. adipocyte enlargement
64.
*
Which of the following is not a source of endogenous protein?
A. ingested protein
B. salivary secretions
C. bile
D. epithelium
E. digestive secretions
65.
Which of the following will inactive pepsin?
A. presence of carbohydrates
B. water
* C. pH of 6
D. presence of chyme
E. presence of protein
66.
*
67.
*
Which of the following is a major stomach protease?
A. trypsin
B. chymotrypsin
C. pepsin
D. pepsinogen
E. proelastase
Which of the following is a source of carbohydrate not utilized for energy by
humans?
A. lactose
B. glucose
C. alcohol
D. cellulose
E. pectin
68.
Which cells of the pancreas secrete enzymes into the GI tract?
* A. acini
B. islets of Langerhans
C. alpha cells
D. beta cells
E. delta cells
69.
Which of the following is true regarding the pancreatic proteolytic enzymes?
A. synthesized in the active form
* B. they are zymogens
C. become active in the blood stream
D. act only in the stomach
E. are active only in the presence of bile
70.
Which of the following activates trypsinogen?
A. enterokinase
B. trypsin
C. chymotrypsin
D. procarboxypolypeptidase
* E. A & B
AB. All of the above.
71.
Which of the following activates proelastase?
A. enterokinase
* B. trypsin
C. chymotrypsin
D. elastase
E. All of the above
72
Which of the following is a result of a lack of trypsin inhibitor?
A. diabetes mellitus
B. fatty liver
* C. acute pancreatitis
D. duodenal ulcers
E. malnutrition
73.
Which of the following prevents the ingestion and absorption of DNA supplements?
A. pancreatic lipase
B. pancreatic amylase
* C. deoxyribonucleases
D. cholesterol esterase
E. phospholipase
74.
Which of the following digests carbohydrates?
A. pancreatic lipase
B. phospholipase
C. cholesterol esterase
* D. pancreatic amylase
E. trypsin
75.
What catalyst is needed to form carbonic acid from water and CO 2?
A. trypsin
* B. carbonic anhydrase
C. bicarbonate base
D. HCl
E. gastrin
1.
Of the following, which is most luminal in the alimentary tract?
A. mesentery
B. serosa
* C. mucosa
D. longitudinal muscle layer
E. circular muscle layer
2.
Which of the following describes the contraction of the GI smooth muscle?
A. contractions occur rapidly
B. contractions are "jerky" and "spastic" in nature
* C. contractions occur via the Ca++ - Calmodulin pathway
D. contractions occur via the sarcomere/T-tubule system
E. contractions occur via Tropomyosin-Troponin pathway
3.
Which of the following describes the movement of the electrical signals in the GI smooth muscle?
A. they are generated by each individual cell and do not travel to other cells
B. they travel between tight junctions
C. they travel in a halting pattern around the alimentary tract
* D. they travel readily and longitudinally from one fiber to the next within a bundle
E. they do not travel through muscle layers
4.
Which of the following is a reflex from the colon to inhibit emptying of the ileal contents into the
colon?
A. gastrocolic reflex
*
B.
C.
D.
E.
enterogastric reflex
coloileal reflex
defecation reflex
gastrointestinal reflex
5.
Which of the following reflexes is a signal from the colon and small intestine to inhibit stomach
motility and stomach secretion?
A. gastrocolic reflex
* B. enterogastric reflex
C. coloileal reflex
D. defecation reflex
E. gastrointestinal reflex
6.
Which of the following is secreted by the "I" cell in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum?
* A. CCK
B. secretin
C. GIP
D. ACH
E. gastrin
7.
8.
Which of the following has a mild effect on decreasing motor activity of the stomach?
A. chymotrypsin
B. trypsin
* C. GIP
D. ACH
E. gastrin
Which of the following is required for effectual peristalsis?
A. food in the stomach
B. food in the duodenum
* C. an active myenteric plexus
D. acid chyme
E. the presence of gastrin
9.
How far does a peristaltic wave travel?
A. the length of the gut
B. the length of the small intestine
C. 5 - 10 feet
* D. 5 to 10 cm
E. 5 - 10 mm
10.
Which of the following is synonymous with rhythmical segmentations?
A. peristalsis
* B. mixing movements
C. propulsive movements
D. receptive relaxation
E. peristaltic reflex
11.
Which of the following is descriptive of the migrating motor complex?
A. occurs immediately after eating
B. recurs about every 15 minutes
* C. sweeps digestive secretions and debris into colon
D. begins in jejunum and spreads to colon
E. it is a block of about 100 contractions
12.
How are most absorbed non-water-soluble, fat-based nutrients returned to the body?
A. via the hepatic artery
B.
* C.
D.
E.
via the hepatic vein
via the thoracic duct
via the portal venous blood
via the splanchnic circulation
13.
Which of the following will increase blood flow in the gut?
A. decreased O2 concentration
B. kallidin
C. gastrin
D. secretin
* E. all of the above
14.
Which of the following describes the arterial and venous blood flow in the villi?
A. parallel
* B. countercurrent
C. constant
D. absent
E. diminished with parasympathetic stimulation
15.
Which of the following is a result of sympathetic stimulation to the GI tract?
* A. vasoconstriction of the arterioles
B. increased blood flow to stomach
C. increased blood flow to lower colon
D. increased secretions
E. increased absorption
16.
Which of the following nerves innervates most of the muscles of mastication?
* A. trigeminal
B. facial
C. glossopharyngeal
D. accessory
E. hypoglossal
17.
In the chewing reflex, initially the bolus of food in the mouth causes what response?
A. contraction of the muscles of mastication
* B. inhibition of the muscles of mastication
C. raising of the jaw to cause closure of the teeth
D. compression against the hard pallet
E. swallowing
18.
*
19.
20.
Which of the following is accomplished during the process of mastication?
A. increased absorption of food
B. increased protein digestion
C. breakage of the cellulose membranes of fruits and vegetables
D. decrease in the surface area of food products
E. increased excoriation of the GI tract
What is the order of the stages of deglutition?
* A. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
B. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal, stomach
C. voluntary, involuntary
D. pharyngeal, esophageal, stomach
E. voluntary, involuntary, esophageal, stomach
In which of the stages of deglutition are the palatopharyngeal folds pulled medially to form a
sagittal slit for the passage of food?
A.
* B.
C.
D.
E.
voluntary
pharyngeal
esophageal
stomach
involuntary
21.
In which of the stages of deglutition does the epiglottis swing backward over the opening of the
larynx?
A. voluntary
* B. pharyngeal
C. esophageal
D. stomach
E. involuntary
22.
Which of the following initiates the reflex of swallowing?
A. the thought of food
B. the smell of food
C. food in the mouth
* D. food in the back of the mouth
E. the pharynx
23.
In which of the stages of deglutition are two types of peristaltic movements seen?
A. voluntary
B. pharyngeal
* C. esophageal
D. stomach
E. involuntary
24.
*
What part of the esophagus contains striated muscle?
A. upper 1/3
B. middle 1/3
C. lower 2/3
D. all of it
E. none of it
25.
Which of the following precedes the esophageal peristaltic wave?
* A. relaxation
B. contraction
C. regurgitation
D. digestion
E. tonic contraction
26.
Which of the following is true for the mixing waves of the stomach?
A. are more intense at the midportion of the stomach
B. are more intense in the fundus of the stomach
C. are less intense in the pylorus
* D. become most intense as they move toward the antrum
E. become most intense as they move toward the cardiac
27.
Which of the following occurs when the contents of the stomach squirt backward through the
peristaltic ring toward the body of the stomach due to pressure of the peristaltic ring and the
contraction of the pyloric muscle?
A. regurgitation
* B. retropulsion
C. repulsion
D. disgustion
E. propulsion
28.
Which of the following is true of gastrin?
A. it is an enzyme
B. secreted in response to low pH
* C. causes secretion of acidic gastric juice by the stomach glands
D. has inhibitory effects on the motor function of the stomach
E. decreases activity of the pyloric pump
29.
Which of the following is true of CCK?
* A. inhibits gastric emptying
B. released from submucosa in response to fats
C. competitive stimulator of the small intestines
D. increases stomach motility
E. synergist with gastrin
30.
What is the main controller of stomach emptying?
A. degree of filling
B. gastrin
* C. duodenum - enterogastric nervous system
D. alkaline chyme
E. carbohydrates in chyme
31.
Which of the following are deep invaginations of the small intestinal epithelium containing
specialized secretory cells?
* A. crypts of Lieberkuhn
B. tubular glands
C. acini cells
D. complex glands
E. gastric cells
32.
Which of the following is true for the parasympathetic stimulation to the GI tract?
A. decreases the rate of secretions
B. does not innervate the GI tract below the small intestines
* C. found in distal portion of large intestine
D. diminishes the activity of the Brunner's glands
E. innervated only by the vagus
33.
Which of the following is responsible for reduced secretions in the GI tract as a result of
sympathetic stimulation?
A. increase blood flow
* B. constriction of blood vessels
C. increased metabolic rate
D. local autoregulation
E. reactive hyperemia
34.
GI hormones are composed of what type of substances?
A. fat and cholesterol
B. glycoproteins
* C. polypeptides or polypeptide derivatives
D. fatty acids
E. steroids
35.
If the vagus nerve is destroyed, which of the following structures will be the least affected?
A. pancreas
B. esophageal glands
C. gastric glands
D. ileum
* E. distal portion of large intestine
36.
The amphoteric properties of mucus allow it to act as which of the following?
* A. pH buffer
B. lubricant
C. dehydrating substance
D. adherence for fecal material
E. prevention of excoriation
37.
Which of the following would be found in serous saliva?
* A. ptyalin
B. mucin
C. mucous
D. glycoproteins
E. IgG
38.
Which of the following glands produce serous saliva but not mucous saliva?
* A. parotid
B. submandibular
C. sublingual
D. buccal
E. submaxillary
39.
What pH range is optimum for ptyalin activity?
A. 3 - 4
B. 4 - 5
C. 5 - 6
* D. 6 - 7
E. 7 - 8
40.
Which of the following will increase in concentration in the saliva when aldosterone levels rise?
* A. K+
B. Na+
C. Ca++
D. ClE. Mg++
41.
Which of the following is a proteolytic enzyme found in saliva?
A. thiocyanate ions
B. HCO3* C. lysozyme
D. salivary amylase
E. lingual lipase
42.
Which of the following inhibit or reduce salivation?
A. sour taste
B. smooth objects in the mouth
* C. rough objects in the mouth
D. excitation from the tongue
E. excitation form the pharynx
43.
Which of the following substances is activated by HCl?
A. mucus
B. intrinsic factor
* C. pepsinogen
D. protein
E. salivary amylase
44.
What is the optimum pH for pepsin activity?
* A. 1.8 - 3.5
B. 2.0 - 4.5
C. 4.5 - 5.0
D. 6.0 - 7.0
E. 7.0. - 8.5
45.
Which of the following is necessary for protein digestion?
A. high acidic environment
B. pepsin
C. activation of pepsinogen by HCl
D. chief cells
* E. All of the above.
AB. B & C
46.
*
Which of the following cells produce the intrinsic factor?
A. D-cells
B. salivary cells
C. chief cells
D. peptic cells
E. oxyntic cells
47.
Which of the following will liquefy proteoglycans in meats during digestion?
A. gastric lipase
B. intrinsic factor
C. HCl
D. pepsin
* E. gelatinase
48.
Which of the following controls gastric secretion?
A. HCl
B. pepsinogen
C. pepsin
* D. gastrin
E. intrinsic factor
49.
Which of the following line the entire surface of the stomach between glands?
* A. mucous-secreting cells
B. oxyntic glands
C. peptic cells
D. chief cells
E. oxyntic cells
50.
Which of the following is true for ACH regulation of gastric secretion?
A. blocks receptors on secretory cells
B. inhibits all secretory cells in the gastric glands
C. excites few secretory cells in the gastric glands
D. released at sympathetic nerve endings with vagi stimulation
* E. released at parasympathetic nerve endings with vagi stimulation
51.
What is a major function of gastrin?
* A. stimulates the secretion of acid by parietal cells
B. regulates pH of duodenum
C. blocks ACH release
D. blocks HCl secretion by parietal cells
E. stimulates the vagus
52.
Which of the following is a major function of gastrin?
A. inhibits the secretion of acid by the parietal cells
* B. opening of the ileocecial valve
C. has major effect on all cells of the GI tract
D. inhibits gastric motility
E. decreases pressure of LES
Which of the following can stimulate HCL secretions?
A. ACH
B. gastrin
C. histamine
D. caffeine
* E. All of the above
53.
54.
Which of the following binds to H2 receptors and excites acid secretion?
A. ACH
B. gastrin
* C. histamine
D. caffeine
E. amino acids
55.
Which of the following is true for long vagovagal reflexes of the stomach?
A. originate in the stomach submucosa
B. travel through thoracic nerves
C. transmitted through the enteric nervous system
* D. travel to the brain stem
E. originate in the spinal cord
56.
Which of the following is a stimulus for pepsinogen secretion?
A. ACH from thoracic nerves
B. ACH from paravertebral ganglia
* C. acid in the stomach
D. pH of 5
E. alkaline mucous
57.
Which of the following is a stimulus for the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
* A. sight of food
B. vagovagal reflexes
C. local enteric reflexes
D. gastrin mechanism
E. distention of stomach
58.
Which cells of the pancreas secrete enzymes into the GI tract?
* A. acini
B. islets of Langerhans
C. alpha cells
D. beta cells
E. delta cells
59.
Which of the following is true regarding the pancreatic proteolytic enzymes?
A. synthesized in the active form
* B. they are zymogens
C. become active in the blood stream
D. act only in the stomach
E. are active only in the presence of bile
60.
Which of the following activates procarboxypolypeptidase?
A. trypsinogen
* B. trypsin
C. chymotrypsin
D. enterokinase
E. All of the above
61.
Which of the following is a function of bile?
A. separation fat out of the chyme
B. separation of different types of fat from one another
C. binding of fats together
* D. excretion of blood waste products
E. excretion of fat
62.
Which of the following is the most potent stimuli for gallbladder contractions?
A. CCK
B. segmentation wave of the stomach
C. contraction phase of the intestinal peristaltic waves
D. secretin
E. thought of food
*
63.
*
64.
*
Bile salts help with the absorption of which of the following?
A. fatty acids
B. monoglycerides
C. cholesterol
D. A & C
E. All of the above.
Which of the following lie between the intestinal villi?
A. crypts of Lieberkuhn
B. Brunner's glands
C. goblet cells
D. gastric pits
E. acini cells
65.
*
Which of the following reabsorb water and electrolytes with the end products of digestion?
A. goblet cells
B. enterocytes
C. chief cells
D. oxyntic cells
E. A & B
AB. All of the above.
66.
Which of the following are membrane bound enzymes found in the small intestine?
A. glucoamylase
B. enzymes for splitting disaccharides
C. intestinal lipase
D. dipeptidases
* E. All of the above.
67.
What is a normal life span of an intestinal epithelia cell?
A. 24 hours
B. 48 hours
* C. 5 days
D. 2 weeks
E. 1 month
68.
Which of the following is not found in the large intestine?
A. crypts of Lieberkuhn
B. mucous cells
C. goblet cells
* D. villi
E. circular smooth muscle layer
69.
Which of the following is involved in the digestion of fats?
A. removal of water from the triglyceride molecule
B. combining of the fatty acid with the glycerol
* C. hydrolysis
D. proteases
E. amylase
70.
Which of the following is product of glycogen breakdown?
A. lactic acid
* B. maltotriose
C. pyruvic acid
D. glucagon
E. dextrins
71.
*
72.
*
Which of the following inactives salivary amylase?
A. pepsin
B. pH <4
C. pancreatic amylase
D. ptyalin
E. glycogen
During absorption of carbohydrates, the movement of glucose is dependent on
what other substance?
A. sodium
B. galactose
C. water
D. potassium
E. amylase
73.
Which of the following refers to the rate at which foods release glucose?
A. hypoglycemic index
B. glucose index
C. glucose releasing index
* D. glycemic index
E. glucose number
74.
*
75.
*
Which of the following is not a source of endogenous protein?
A. ingested protein
B. salivary secretions
C. bile
D. epithelium
E. digestive secretions
Where does the majority of protein digestion occur?
A. stomach
B. jejunum
C. ileum
D. colon
E. mouth