Download Ch. 6 - Muscular System

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Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
CHAPTER
6
The Muscular
System
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The Muscular System
•Muscles are responsible for all types of body
movement
•Three basic muscle types are found in the
body
•Skeletal muscle
•Cardiac muscle
•Smooth muscle
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Skeletal Muscle Characteristics
•Most are attached by tendons to bones
•Cells are multinucleate
•Striated—have visible banding
•Voluntary—subject to conscious control
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Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal
Muscle
•Cells are surrounded and bundled by
connective tissue
•Endomysium—encloses a single muscle
fiber
•Perimysium—wraps around a fascicle
(bundle) of muscle fibers
•Epimysium—covers the entire skeletal
muscle
•Fascia—on the outside of the epimysium
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Muscle
fiber
(cell)
Blood vessel
Perimysium
Epimysium
(wraps entire
muscle)
Fascicle
(wrapped by
perimysium)
Endomysium
(between
fibers)
Tendon
Bone
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Figure 6.1
Skeletal Muscle Attachments
•Epimysium blends into a connective tissue
attachment
•Tendons—cord-like structures
•Mostly collagen fibers
•Often cross a joint due to toughness and
small size
•Aponeuroses—sheet-like structures
•Attach muscles indirectly to bones,
cartilages, or connective tissue coverings
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Smooth Muscle Characteristics
•Lacks striations
•Spindle-shaped cells
•Single nucleus
•Involuntary—no conscious control
•Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
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Mucosa
Submucosa
Circular layer
of smooth muscle
(longitudinal view
of cells)
Longitudinal layer
of smooth muscle
(cross-sectional
view of cells)
(a)
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Figure 6.2a
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
•Striations
•Usually has a single nucleus
•Branching cells
•Joined to another muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
•Involuntary
•Found only in the walls of the heart
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Cardiac
muscle
bundles
(b)
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Figure 6.2b
Skeletal Muscle Functions
•Produce movement
•Maintain posture
•Stabilize joints
•Generate heat
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
•Sarcolemma—specialized plasma membrane
•Myofibrils—long organelles inside muscle cell
•Sarcoplasmic reticulum—specialized smooth
endoplasmic reticulum
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Sarcolemma
Myofibril
Light
Dark
(A) band (I) band
Nucleus
(a) Segment of a muscle fiber (cell)
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Figure 6.3a
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
•Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
•I band = light band
•Contains only thin filaments
•A band = dark band
•Contains the entire length of the thick
filaments
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Z disc
H zone
Z disc
Thin (actin) filament
Thick (myosin) filament
(b) Myofibril or fibril
(complex organelle
composed of bundles
of myofilaments)
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I band
A band
I band
M line
Figure 6.3b
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
•Sarcomere—contractile unit of a muscle fiber
•Organization of the sarcomere
•Myofilaments
•Thick filaments = myosin filaments
•Thin filaments = actin filaments
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Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
•Thick filaments = myosin filaments
•Composed of the protein myosin
•Has ATPase enzymes
•Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or
cross bridges)
•Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
•Thin filaments = actin filaments
•Composed of the protein actin
•Anchored to the Z disc
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Sarcomere
Z disc
M line
Z disc
Thin (actin) filament
Thick (myosin) filament
(c) Sarcomere (segment of a myofibril)
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Figure 6.3c
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
•At rest, within the A band there is a zone that
lacks actin filaments
•Called either the H zone or bare zone
•Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
•Stores and releases calcium
•Surrounds the myofibril
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Thick filament
Bare zone
Thin filament
(d) Myofilament structure (within one sarcomere)
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Figure 6.3d
Stimulation and Contraction of
Single Skeletal Muscle Cells
•Excitability (also called responsiveness or
irritability)—ability to receive and respond to a
stimulus
•Contractility—ability to shorten when an
adequate stimulus is received
•Extensibility—ability of muscle cells to be
stretched
•Elasticity—ability to recoil and resume resting
length after stretching
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The Nerve Stimulus and Action Potential
•Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a
motor neuron (nerve cell) to contract
•Motor unit—one motor neuron and all the
skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron
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Axon terminals at neuromuscular junctions
Spinal cord
Motor Motor
unit 1 unit 2
Nerve
Motor neuron
cell bodies
Muscle
Axon of
motor
neuron
Muscle fibers
(a)
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Figure 6.4a
Axon terminals at neuromuscular junctions
Muscle fibers
Branching axon
to motor unit
(b)
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Figure 6.4b
The Sliding Filament Theory
of Muscle Contraction
•Activation by nerve causes myosin heads
(cross bridges) to attach to binding sites on
the thin filament
•Myosin heads then bind to the next site of the
thin filament and pull them toward the center
of the sarcomere
•This continued action causes a sliding of the
myosin along the actin
•The result is that the muscle is shortened
(contracted)
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Actin
Myosin
Z
H
Z
I
A
I
(a)
Z
I
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(b)
Z
A
I
Figure 6.7a–b
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
•Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”
•Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be
stimulated during the same interval
•Different combinations of muscle fiber
contractions may give differing responses
•Graded responses—different degrees of
skeletal muscle shortening
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Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
•Graded responses can be produced by
changing:
•The frequency of muscle stimulation
•The number of muscle cells being stimulated
at one time
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Graded responses
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Muscle Response to Strong Stimuli
•Muscle force depends upon the number of
fibers stimulated
•More fibers contracting results in greater
muscle tension
•Muscles can continue to contract unless they
run out of energy
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
•Initially, muscles use stored ATP for energy
•ATP bonds are broken to release energy
•Only 4–6 seconds worth of ATP is stored by
muscles
•After this initial time, other pathways must be
utilized to produce ATP
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Energy for Muscle Contraction
•Direct phosphorylation – 15 seconds
•Anaerobic pathway – 40 seconds
•Aerobic pathway - hours
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Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit
•When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract even with a stimulus
•Common cause for muscle fatigue is oxygen
debt
•Oxygen must be “repaid” to tissue to remove
oxygen deficit
•Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
•Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of
ATP causes the muscle to contract less
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Muscle Tone
•Some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed
muscle
•Different fibers contract at different times to
provide muscle tone and to be constantly
ready
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Effect of Exercise on Muscles
•Exercise increases muscle size, strength, and
endurance
•Aerobic (endurance) exercise (biking,
jogging) results in stronger, more flexible
muscles with greater resistance to fatigue
•Makes body metabolism more efficient
•Improves digestion, coordination
•Resistance (isometric) exercise (weight
lifting) increases muscle size and strength
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Figure 6.11a-b
Muscles and Body Movements
•Movement is attained due to a muscle moving
an attached bone
•Muscles are attached to at least two points
•Origin
•Attachment to an immoveable bone
•Insertion
•Attachment to a movable bone
•During contraction, a skeletal muscle insertion
moves toward the origin.
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Muscle
contracting
Origin
Brachialis
Tendon
Insertion
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Figure 6.12
Types of Body Movements
•Flexion
•Decreases the angle of the joint
•Brings two bones closer together
•Typical of bending hinge joints like knee and
elbow or ball-and-socket joints like the hip
•Extension
•Opposite of flexion
•Increases angle between two bones
•Typical of straightening the elbow or knee
•Extension beyond 180° is hyperextension
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Types of Body Movements
•Rotation
•Movement of a bone around its longitudinal
axis
•Common in ball-and-socket joints
•Example is when you move atlas around
the axis (shake your head “no”)
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Types of Body Movements
•Abduction
•Movement of a limb away from the midline
•Adduction
•Opposite of abduction
•Movement of a limb toward the midline
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Types of Body Movements
•Circumduction
•Combination of flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction
•Common in ball-and-socket joints
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Special Movements
•Dorsiflexion
•Lifting the foot so that the superior surface
approaches the shin (toward the dorsum)
•Plantar flexion
•Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
•“Planting” the foot toward the sole
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Special Movements
•Inversion
•Turn sole of foot medially
•Eversion
•Turn sole of foot laterally
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Special Movements
•Supination
•Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces
anteriorly
•Radius and ulna are parallel
•Pronation
•Forearm rotates medially so palm faces
posteriorly
•Radius and ulna cross each other like an X
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Special Movements
•Opposition
•Move thumb to touch the tips of other
fingers on the same hand
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Types of Muscles
•Prime mover—muscle with the major
responsibility for a certain movement
•Antagonist—muscle that opposes or reverses
a prime mover
•Synergist—muscle that aids a prime mover in
a movement and helps prevent rotation
•Fixator—stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
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(a) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion*
Example:
Pectoralis
major
(anterior view)
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Figure 6.14a
(b) A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension*
Example:
Latissimus
dorsi
(posterior
view)
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Figure 6.14b
(c) A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction
Example:
Medial deltoid
(anterolateral
view)
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Figure 6.14c
(d) A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction
Example:
Teres major
(posterolateral
view)
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Figure 6.14d
Naming Skeletal Muscles
•By direction of muscle fibers
•Example: Rectus (straight)
•By relative size of the muscle
•Example: Maximus (largest)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
•By location of the muscle
•Example: Temporalis (temporal bone)
•By number of origins
•Example: Triceps (three heads)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
•By location of the muscle’s origin and insertion
•Example: Sterno (on the sternum)
•By shape of the muscle
•Example: Deltoid (triangular)
•By action of the muscle
•Example: Flexor and extensor (flexes or
extends a bone)
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Facial
• Frontalis
Facial
• Temporalis
• Orbicularis oculi
• Zygomaticus
• Masseter
• Orbicularis oris
Neck
• Platysma
• Sternocleidomastoid
Thorax
• Pectoralis minor
Shoulder
• Trapezius
• Deltoid
Arm
• Triceps brachii
• Biceps brachii
• Brachialis
Forearm
• Brachioradialis
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Pectoralis major
• Serratus anterior
• Intercostals
Abdomen
• Rectus abdominis
• External oblique
• Internal oblique
• Transversus abdominis
Pelvis/thigh
• lliopsoas
Thigh
• Sartorius
• Adductor muscle
Thigh (Quadriceps)
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
• Gracilis
Leg
• Fibularis longus
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Tibialis anterior
Leg
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
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Figure 6.22
Neck
• Occipitalis
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Trapezius
Arm
• Triceps brachii
• Brachialis
Forearm
• Brachioradialis
• Extensor carpi radialis
longus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
• Extensor digitorum
Shoulder/Back
• Deltoid
• Latissimus dorsi
Hip
• Gluteus medius
• Gluteus maximus
lliotibial tract
Thigh
• Adductor muscle
• Hamstrings:
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Leg
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Fibularis longus
Calcaneal
(Achilles)
tendon
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Figure 6.23
Deltoid
muscle
Humerus
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Figure 6.19
Posterior superior
iliac spine
IIiac crest
Safe area in
gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Sciatic nerve
(b)
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Figure 6.20b
Inguinal
ligament
Adductor
muscles
Sartorius
Vastus
lateralis
(d)
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Figure 6.20d