Download Chapter 43: The Immune System

AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 43: The Immune System
Name
Period
Chapter 43: The Immune System
Our students consider this chapter to be a particularly challenging and important one. Expect to work
your way slowly through the first three concepts. Take particular care with Concepts 43.2 and 43.3. It
is rewarding, however, in Concept 43.4 to put your new knowledge to work and truly understand the
devastation caused by the destruction of helper T cells by HIV.
Overview: The immune responses of animals can be divided into innate immunity and acquired
immunity. As an overview, complete this figure indicating the divisions of both innate and acquired
immunity.
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Concept 43.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on shared traits of pathogens
1.
We first encountered phagocytosis in Concept 7.5, but it plays an important role in the immune
systems of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Review the process by briefly explaining the six
steps to ingestion and destruction of a microbe by a phagocytic cell.
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
2.
Chapter 43: The Immune System
Explain the role of the Toll receptor in producing antimicrobial peptides.
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List the three innate defenses vertebrates share with invertebrates and the two defenses unique to
vertebrates.
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In the chart below, list five examples of barrier defenses and how they work.
Barrier Defense
How the Barrier Repels Pathogens
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Explain how Toll-like receptors are used in cellular innate defenses, using TLR3 and TLR4 as
examples.
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In the chart below, explain the role of the four phagocytic cells.
Phagocytic Cell
Role in Innate Defense
Type
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
7.
Chapter 43: The Immune System
In the figure below, trace the flow of lymph in four stages. For each stage, explain the role of the
lymphatic system in innate defense.
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Explain the role of the following two antimicrobial compounds.
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Use the figure below to explain the three steps of an inflammatory response.
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 43: The Immune System
10. What role do natural killer cells play in the immune system?
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11. It might seem like pathogens have little hope of mounting an infection, but do not forget that
pathogens are constantly evolving ways to circumvent our immune system. As examples, how do
the pathogens that cause pneumonia and tuberculosis avoid our immune responses?
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Concept 43.2 In acquired immunity, lymphocyte receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
12. From the first four paragraphs of this concept, summarize where T cells and B cells develop, and
give an overview of their functions. (Note that they are a type of white blood cell known as a
lymphocyte.)
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13. What is immunological memory, and why is it important?
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14. Explain how cytokines help coordinate the innate and acquired immune responses.
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15. The following brief questions will serve as a primer for immune system recognition.
a. What is an antigen?
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b. What is the relationship between an antigen receptor, an antibody, and an immunoglobin?
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c. How is an epitope related to an antigen? (Look at Figure 43. 10.)
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 43: The Immune System
16. In the figure of a B cell below, label the antigen binding sites,---light-and heavy chains, variable-and constant regions,- transmenrbrane -region; and-disulfide-bridge$b r-z elf " A l 6 t ~, d i A.9
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17. What forms the specific antigen-binding site? (Be sure to note that each B cell produces only one
type of antigen receptor. For any one cell, all antigen receptors or antibodies produced are
identical.)
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18. In the figure of a T cell below, label the antigen binding°-site, alpha- nd-beta-chaiin, variable and
constant regions, Ora sembra region, and disulflide--bridgeCo
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19. T cells also display only one type of antigen receptor on the surface of the cell. Compare and
contrast a T cell with a B cell.
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 43: The Immune System
20. B-cell receptors recognize and bind to antigens whether they are free antigens (like a secreted
toxin) or on the surface of a pathogen. Explain the role of the major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) to T-cell receptor binding.
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21. Explain how an infected host cell uses the MHC molecule to display an antigen.
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22. Explain the differences between Class I and Class II MHC molecules, noting type of cells that
display the molecule, types of diseases involved with each molecule, and what type of T cell
recognizes the MHC molecules.
MHC Class
Displayed by?
Diseases associated with
(cancer, viral or
bacterial)?
Class IMHC
r
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Recognized by which T
cells?
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23. Using Figure 43.12 as a guide, label completely the figure below.
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24.
List three properties of the acquired immune system.
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Chapter 43: The Immune System
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
25.
One of the early problems in immunology was trying to understand how an organism with a
limited number of genes (for humans, about 20,500) could produce a million different B-cell
protein receptors and 10 million different T-cell protein receptors! The answer resulted in a
Nobel Prize and a startling exception to the notion that all cells have exactly the same DNA. Use
the figure below to label and explain the four steps involved in producing genetically unique
B-cell receptors.
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26. Explain how the body develops self-tolerance in the immune system.
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27. Define the following terms.
Effector cells
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Memory cells
long
ca.~
Clonal selection
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Chapter 43: The Immune System
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
28. Using the blue text in the margin of Figure 43.14, explain the four key events to clonal selection.
Antigen molecules
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differ in
antigen
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Graphs similar to the one below have been seen on several AP Biology exams. It depicts the
primary and secondary immune response. The first arrow shows exposure to antigen A. The
second arrow shows exposure to antigen A again, and also antigen B. Label this graph and then
use it to explain the difference between a primary and secondary immune response.
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Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 43: The Immune System
Concept 43.3 Acquired immunity defends against infection of body cells and fluids
30. Explain fully the function of the two divisions of acquired immunity.
Humoral immune response —
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31. Helper T cells play a critical role in activation of both T cells and B cells. In full detail, label and
explain the three steps involved using Figure 43.17. This is an important step!
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32. Explain the role of dendritic cells and macrophages in starting a primary and secondary immune
response.
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34. What must occur for a cytotoxic T cell to become activated?
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 43: The Immune System
35. Completely label the diagram below. Then carefully explain the three primary steps that occur as
a cytotoxic T cell destroys a target cell.
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36. How is B-cell antigen presentation unique?
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37. Completely label the diagram below. Then carefully explain the three primary steps that occur in
B cell activation.
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38. What is the difference between plasma cells and memory cells produced from the activation of B
cells?
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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 43: The Immune System
39. Explain how monoclonal antibodies are used in home pregnancy kits.
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40. Why is the antibody response to a microbial infection polyclonal?
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41. Explain these three ways antibodies can dispose of antigens.
Viral neutralization
Opsonization —
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42. Using examples, explain the difference between active and passive immunity.
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43. Describe how immunizations can serve as an example of active immunity.
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44. Why is immune rejection an example of a healthy immune system?
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45. Briefly describe the following features of immune rejection.
a. Explain how antibodies against blood types are present.
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b. What is the role of MHC in tissue and organ transplants?
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c. Why are bone marrow transplants medically unique?
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Chapter 43: The Immune System
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Concept 43.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease
46. What are allergies?
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47. Label Figure 43.23 and then use it to explain a typical allergic response.
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48.
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Explain what happens if a person experiences anaphylactic shock.
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49. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system turns against particular molecules of the
body. Describe the cause and symptoms of the following autoimmune diseases.
Lupus
Rheumatoid arthritis
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus — Fa r
Multiple sclerosis -
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Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
-12-
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 43: The Immune System
50. Explain how immunodeficiency diseases are different from autoimmune diseases.
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51. Just as our immune system has evolved to thwart pathogens, pathogensh ave evolved to thwart
our immune system. Describe the following pathogen strategies.
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Attack on the immune system: HIV -{'L— e aa tt'l0
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52. Explain how the high mutation rate in surface antigen genes in HIV has hampered development
of a vaccine for AIDS. (You might take note that HIV human immunodeficiency virus—is the
virus that causes the disease AIDS—acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. These acronyms are
often used incorrectly.)
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Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers
Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:
1.
2.
3.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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