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The Rise, Spread & Impact of Islam
Islam
Islam Map Label
Cities
•Mecca
•Medina
•Damascus
•Baghdad – p.27
•Cordoba
•Delhi – p.29
•Arabian Peninsula
•Red Sea
•Mediterranean Sea
•Black Sea
•Spain
•Africa
•Europe
•Asia
Make Key from p.26-27, 25
Muslim lands – 900 (p.26-27)
Muslim lands – 1400 (p.25)
Battle of Tours – 732
p. 30
Critical Intro:
Describe the relationship between Islam
and the other monotheistic faiths of
Judaism and Christianity
Critical Intro:
Why do you think the Hijrah marks the
beginning of Islam?
Critical Intro:
What was the most significant
reason/method for the early and rapid
spread of Islam?
Critical Intro:
Why was it difficult to govern Arabia prior
to Islam? Think about culture.
Critical Intro:
On which landmass and in which broader
region did Islam emerge?
I.
Origins of Islam
A. Arabia before Muhammad
1. Arabian Peninsula was dominated by nomadic Bedouin tribes
2. Small communities developed around oases
3. City of Mecca was marketplace and pilgrimage site.
4. Mecca shrine (Kaaba) held hundreds of tribal idols.
B. Founder of Islam
1. Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 A.D.
2. Around age 40, Muhammad claimed to have heard voice of the
angel Gabriel.
3. Gabriel was delivering the word of god through Muhammad.
4. Muhammad began sharing these new beliefs.
C. The Hijrah
1. Leaders of Mecca feared Muhammad's growing power
2. Muhammad & followers escaped to town of Medina
3. This journey is the Hijrah – marks the beginning of Islam
Arabian Peninsula
II. Spread of Islam
A. Muhammad raised an army of followers and returned to
capture Mecca.
1. Tribal idols were destroyed; Kaaba rededicated to Allah.
2. Mecca was center of 1st Muslim empire
B. Islam eventually spreads through conquest to southwest
Asia, North Africa and southern Spain.
1. Expansion made possible by weakened Byzantine and Persian
Empires.
Spread and Geographic Influence of Islam
Spread of Islam
- Across Asia & Africa and into
Spain
- Primarily by military conquests
- First Muslim empire = Indus
Valley to Spain
What stopped expansion into W. Europe?
Geographic Influence on the Origin and
spread of Islam
- Islam spread along trade routes from
Mecca & Medina
- Expansion despite great distances,
deserts, & mountains
- Spread into Fertile Crescent, Iran, &
Central Asia because of weak Byzantine
& Persian Empires
Similarity to spread of Christianity?
Geographic Influence on the Economic, Social &
Political Development
-Political unity of 1st Muslim empire short-lived –
regional fragmentation
-Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated
trade across Islamic lands.
-Slavery within Islamic lands = not race-based
How did the Arabic language unite the empire & “facilitate
trade”?
I. Origins of Islam
A. Arabia before Muhammad
1. Arabian Peninsula was dominated by nomadic Bedouin
tribes
2. Small communities developed around oases
3. City of Mecca was marketplace and religious
pilgrimage site.
4. Mecca shrine (Kaaba) held hundreds of tribal idols.
B. Founder of Islam
1. Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 A.D.
2. Around age 40, Muhammad claimed to have heard
voice of the angel Gabriel.
3. Gabriel was delivering the word of god through
Muhammad.
4. Muhammad began sharing these new belief based on
monotheism. There is only one God.
C. The Hijrah
1. Leaders of Mecca feared Muhammad's growing power
& message.
2. Muhammad & followers escaped to town of Medina
3. This journey is the Hijrah – marks the beginning of
Islam
II. Spread of Islam
A. Muhammad raised an army of followers and
returned to capture Mecca.
1. Tribal idols were destroyed; Kaaba rededicated to
Allah.
2. Mecca was center of 1st Muslim empire
B. Islam eventually spreads through conquest to
southwest Asia, North Africa and southern Spain.
1. Expansion made possible by weakened Byzantine
and Persian Empires.
Interpretation Questions
Why do you think Arabian society + governance was not centralized?
How do you think the merchants of Mecca benefitted before Islam?
How was Muhammad similar to Abraham and Moses?
Similar to Jesus and Siddhartha Gautama?
Why do you think the leaders feared Muhammad’s power/influence?
Why do you think the Hijrah marks the beginning of Islam?
Why were idols destroyed?
What motivations do you think fueled this rapid expansion?
Islam accepts
earlier prophets
(Abraham,
Moses, Jesus)
But…
Muhammad
is final
prophet
Mosque =
Islamic place
of worship
Muhammad’s
teachings =
Islam
Hadiths=
stories/teachings of
Muhammad
Followers of
Islam =
Muslims
Basic Beliefs
of Islam
Quran =
Muslim holy
book – word
of God
Arabic = lang.
& writing of
Islam
Allah = one
supreme god
Sharia =
Islamic law
The Kaaba
The Kaaba
The Kaaba
The Quran
III. Beliefs, Customs and Traditions of Islam
A. Basic beliefs
1. Muhammad’s teachings/ beliefs = Islam
2. Followers of Islam = Muslims “those who have submitted”
3. Only one god = Allah (Arabic word for God)
4. Quran = Muslim holy book “the word of God”
5. Mosque = Islamic place of worship
B. Islam accepts Judeo-Christian prophets
1. Islam accepts teachings of Abraham, Moses & Jesus BUT
2. Muslims view Muhammad as final prophet.
C. The Five Pillars of Islam – guide for Muslims
1. Faith – daily declaration of faith to Allah
2. Prayer – Pray 5 times daily facing Mecca
3. Alms – charity to less fortunate
4. Fasting – no food/drink during daylight for the holy month of
Ramadan
5. Pilgrimage – perform the hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca.
http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/bashiri/hajj/hajj.html
Five Pillars of Islam
Islam
F
a
i
t
h
Only one
God +
Muhammad
is his prophet
P
r
a
y
e
r
5 times/Day
Facing
Mecca
A
l
m
s
Giving to
poor, charity
F
a
s
t
i
n
g
Sunrisesunset for
holy month
Ramadan
H
a
j
j
Pilgrimage to
Mecca once
in life
Warm Up Islam Review
1.
On which land mass and continent did the religion of Islam develop?
2.
In addition to being a market place, why was Mecca an important city prior to Islam?
3.
Who was the founder of Islam?_________________________________________________
4.
What was the significance of the Hijrah?_________________________________________
5.
Islam eventually spread to parts of which 3 continents?______________________________
6.
Which two empires did Islamic expansion conflict with?_____________________________
7.
In Islam, what is the view of Muhammad, compared to Judeo-Christian prophets such as
Abraham, Moses and Jesus?
Matching
1. ____
2. ____
3. ____
4. ____
5. ____
Religion based on Muhammad’s teachings/prophecies
Follower of Muhammad’s teachings; “one who has submitted”
The one supreme god of this faith
the holy book “Word of God” for this faith
Islamic house of worship
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Mosque
Allah
Muslim
Islam
Quran
4 Turning Points Impacting the Islamic World
A. The Sunni – Shi’a Split divides Muslims
1. Following the assassination of the fourth Caliph –
Ali
a. Umayyads rise to power
b. Many did not recognize Umayyad rule
c. Many claimed successor to Ali should be
related to Muhammad
d. This group was called Shi’a – “party of Ali”
e. Others argued caliphs only need to follow
example of Muhammad.
f. This group was called Sunni - “followers of
Muhammad’s example”
B. Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damsacus
1. Shifted political center of caliphate to Middle
East – capital moved to Damascus then Baghdad
2. Initiated conflict/tension between Muslims,
Christians and Jews
3. Increased conflict with Byzantine Empire
C. The Battle of Tours Halts Muslim Expansion in Europe
1. Muslim Berbers from North Africa invade Spain
a. Berber armies move north to within 100 miles
of Paris
b. 732 - Muslim Berbers were defeated at the
Battle of Tours by the Franks led by “Charles the
Hammer”.
2. Significance of the battle
a. Muslims forced back to southern Spain
b. No further Muslim expansion in western
Europe.
Berber Populations
- Adopted Islam
Arab Populations
- Early leaders of Islam
Expansion of Islamic Empire
Battle of Tours
D. Islamic Capital Moves to Baghdad
1. Baghdad, modern Iraq, becomes capital of Abbasid
Dynasty
a. Central location in Mesopotamia
b. Baghdad becomes center of Islamic Golden
Age
c. Islamic scholars build on Greco-Roman &
eastern knowledge.
2. Fall of Baghdad = End of Arab Caliphate
a. Mongols conquer Baghdad
b. Ends Islamic Golden Age of Baghdad
c. Opens region to Turkish control
Abbasids move capital to Baghdad
Mongol Conquest of Baghdad: End of Abbasid Dynasty
E. The Delhi Sultanate
1. Muslim Turks establish kingdom/control in India
a. Marks arrival of Muslims as controlling power
in India.
b. Beginning of religious tensions between
Hindus and Muslims
Muslim Achievements
Muslim Society
Medicine, Math, and science
Four social classes:
•Birth Muslims
•Converts
•Those of other religions
“protected people”
•Slaves – Not race-based
•Muslim women had more
freedoms than European women
•Reliance on scientific observation
& experimentation.
•Wrote important medical reference
books
•Developed algebra; al-jabr
•Advance in astronomy: charted
stars, comets, planets.
•Astrolabe = maritime navigation
•Arabic numerals including zero
Philosophy and History
Literature and the arts
•Muslim scholars translated
Greek/Roman works into Arabic.
•Arabic = language and writing of
Islamic Empire.
•Many universities emerged
throughout the Islamic world
Quran is considered greatest work
of Islamic literature.
Calligraphy = art of beautiful
handwriting used in Islam.
Architecture = Dome of the Rock
Dome of the Rock = Islamic shrine
in Jerusalem
Jerusalem = important city in
Judaism, Christianity, & Islam
Add in
Qanat
system
Muslim Achievements
Muslim Society
Four social classes:
•Birth Muslims
•
•Those of other religions
“protected people”
•
•Muslim women had more
freedoms than European women
Philosophy and History
•Muslim scholars translated
Greek/Roman works into Arabic.
•___________________= language
and writing of Islamic Empire.
•Many _______________ emerged
throughout the Islamic world
Medicine, Math, and science
•Reliance on scientific
observation & experimentation.
•Wrote important medical
reference books
•Developed ___________; al-jabr
•Advance in _______________:
charted stars, comets, planets.
•Arabic numerals including zero
Literature and the arts
Quran is considered greatest work
of Islamic literature.
_______________= art of beautiful
handwriting used in Islam.
Architecture = Dome of the Rock
Dome of the Rock = ___________
____________________________
_______________= important city
in Judaism, Christianity, & Islam
The Astrolabe: Islamic invention that revolutionized sea travel
The astrolabe allowed sailors to travel/plot courses across open
water using the sun or stars, rather than relying on landmarks or
other less reliable sources.
Islamic
Geometric
Patterns
Islamic Geometric Patterns in Architecture
Islamic
Calligraphy
Calligraphy =
art of beautiful
handwriting
used in Islam.
The first pillar of Islam, the Shahadah, written in Arabic script in
the shape of a man praying.
Prayer ritual
http://muslim-canada.org/salaat.html
{” I bear witness
that there is no God
except Allah, and I
bear witness that
Mohammad is
Allah’s
Messenger.”}
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
Dome of the Rock
Islamic Shrine in Jerusalem
Site of Muhammad’s ascension to heaven and return (according to Islamic teaching)
Dome of the Rock, along with Judeo-Christian history/traditions, is key reason why Jerusalem is important city for Jews, Christians and Muslims
Interactive map of Jerusalem
Need to add Shria’ law and Hadiths
Basic Beliefs
of Islam
Five Pillars of Islam