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Garden Botany
Definitions
• Botany is the science or study of plants
• Horticulture is the science and art of
cultivating flowers, fruits, vegetables, grass,
and ornamental plants in an orchard, garden,
nursery or greenhouse.
• From the Latin: Hortus (garden) and cultus
(tilling)
Classifying Plants
• Classification by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Use
Temperate Requirement
Ecological Adaptation
Taxonomy
Stem and leaf structure
Life Cycle
Classification by Use
• EDIBLE
– Fruits
• Tree fruits
• Small fruits
– Vegetable
• Warm season
• Cool season
– Herbs
• Culinary
• Medicinal
– Nuts
• ORNAMENTAL/LANDSCAPE
– Woody Plants
• Trees
• Shrubs
• Vines and ground covers
– Herbaceous Plants
• Flowers
• Vines and ground covers
– Grass
Classification by Temperate
Requirement
•
•
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•
•
Tropical plants vs. Temperate-zone plants
Warm vs. Cool season plants
Tender vs. Hardy plants
Long day vs. Short day plants
Cold hardiness zone plants
Classification by Ecological Adaptation
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•
•
•
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•
Alpine
Prairie
Ponderosa pine forest
Pinyon/Juniper forest
Riparian
Xeric (dry)
Classification by Taxonomy
• Plant Kingdom divided
into two groups:
– Non-vascular plants
– Vascular plants
• Nearly all plants in the
garden are vascular
Classification by Taxonomy
• Gymnosperms
– Do not have true flowers
– Seeds are enclosed in
fruits
– Most seeds are
produced in cones
Classification by Taxonomy
• Angiosperms
– Produce flowers
– Develop fruits that
contain seeds
– Can be divided into
monocots and dicots
Classification by Taxonomy
Plant Evolution
Classification by Stem and Leaf Texture
•
•
•
•
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Herbaceous plants
Woody plants
Deciduous plants
Evergreen plants
Broadleaf
Narrowleaf
Grass-like
Butterfly
Bush,
Woody stems
Bee Balm,
Herbaceous/non-woody
stems
Evergreen plants hold their leaves year-round
Corn is a good example of broadleaf
Deciduous plants shed their leaves every year
Narrow leaf lavendar
Classification by Life Cycle
• Annuals
• Biennials
• Perennials
PLANT PARTS
• Roots
• Stems
• Leaves
• Fruits
• Flowers
• Seeds
Roots
• Absorb water and
nutrients from soil
• Anchor the plant
• Provide support for stem
• Store sugars and starches
(needed for
photosynthesis)
• Source of winter survival
for perennials
• Fibrous roots vs. Tap
roots
Stems
• Connects roots to leaves
• Supports buds and leaves
• Phloem and xylem serve
as channels in the stem
for carrying water,
minerals, and sugars to
other plant parts. Xylem
brings water up the stem,
and Phloem sends water
down.
• Stems grow above or
below the ground.
Leaves
• Absorb sunlight energy
to make food through
the process of
photosynthesis
• Take up carbon dioxide
and release oxygen
• Store energy
• Control water through
transpiration
• Simple or compound
Photosynthesis
water + CO
sugar + O
2
2
Flowers
• Showiest part of plants;
fragrant and/or
colorful to attract
pollinators
• Important for sexual
reproduction
• Self pollinating or
cross pollinating
Fruit
• Part of the plant that
surrounds one or more
seeds
• Spread seeds
• Attracts animals to help
spread seeds
Seeds
• Contain the information
needed for a new plant
to grow
• Embryo
• Endosperm
• Seed coat