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CHAPTER 24
24.1
STUDENT NOTES
How Do Nerve Cells Work? (Figure 24-1)
A. The Functions of a ____________ Are Localized in _____________ Parts of
the Cell
1. ______________ respond to stimuli
2. The cell body processes signals from the _______________
3. ____________ conduct action potentials long distances
4. At ____________, signals are transmitted from one cell to another
24.2
How Do Nerve Cells Produce and Transmit Signals?
A. Electrical Signals Convey ________________ within a ___________ Neuron
(Figure 24-2)
B. _____________________ Chemicals Allow Neurons to Communicate with
One Another at ______________ (Figure 24-3)
1. ______________ and ______________ potentials are produced at synapses
2. Neurotransmitter action is usually _________
C. The Nervous System Uses Many _____________________ (Table 24-1)
24.3
How Do Nervous Systems Process Information?
A. Information Processing in the _______________ System Requires Four Basic
Operations
1. The nature of a stimulus is determined by _______________ between the
______________ and the _____________
2. The intensity of a stimulus is coded by the frequency of ____________
____________ (Figure 24-4)
3. The nervous system processes _________________ from many sources
4. The nervous system produces outputs to _____________ and ___________
24.4
How Are Nervous Systems Organized?
A. Complex Nervous Systems Are ______________ (Figure 24-5)
24.5
What Is the Structure of the Human Nervous System? (Figure 24-6)
A. The __________________ _____________ System Links the Central Nervous
System to the Rest of the Body
1. The somatic nervous system controls ________________ movement
2. The _______________ nervous system controls involuntary actions (Figure
24-7)
B. The Central Nervous System Consists of the __________ ________ and the
__________.
C. The __________ ___________Controls Many Reflexes and Conducts
Information to and from the Brain (Figure 24-8)
1. Reflex pathways include __________ in the spinal cord (Figure 24-9)
2. Some complex actions are coordinated by the spinal cord
D. The ____________Consists of Many Parts Specialized for Specific Functions
(Figure 24-10)
1. The _____________ controls breathing, sleep, and movement (Figure 2411)
2. The midbrain filters ____________
3. The forebrain gives us our ___________, ___________, and
______________ (Figure 24-12)
24.6
How Does the Brain Produce the Mind?
A. The “Left Brain” and “Right Brain” Are Specialized for Different Functions
(Figure 24-13)
B. _____________ and ____________ Involve _______________ and
_____________ Changes in Specific Parts of the Brain
1. _____________ may be brief or long lasting
2. The _____________ _________ are important for memory
C. Discrete Areas of the Brain Perform Specific Functions (Figure 24-14)
24.7
How Does the Nervous System Sense the Environment? (Table 24-2)
A. ___________________ Respond to Physical __________________ or
Movement (Figure 24-15)
B. The Perception of _____________ Is a Specialized Type of Mechanoreception
1. The ear converts ___________ __________ to ____________ signals
(Figure 24-16)
2. Sound is converted into electrical signals in the ___________ (Figure 24-17)
C. __________________ Perceives the World of Light
1. The ________________ eye collects and focuses light, converting it into
electrical signals (Figure 24-18)
2. The _________ focuses light from distant and nearby objects on the
_________ (Figures 24-19)
3. The retina detects ___________ and produces action ______________ in the
_____________ nerve (Figure 24-20)
4. _________ and __________ differ in distribution and light sensitivity
D. ___________________Detect Chemicals in the Internal or External
Environment
1. Olfactory receptors detect _____________ ____________ (Figure 24-23)
2. ____________ receptors detect chemicals that contact the _________
(Figure 24-24)