Download Principles of Development

Principles of Development
Text Vocabulary:
Embryo
Stem Cell
Meristem
Differentiation
Gastrulation
Programmed Cell Death
Apoptosis
Genetic Equivalence
Clone
Regulatory Transcription
Factors
Anterior
Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral
Pattern Formation
Morphogen
In situ Hybridization
Segments
Segmentation Genes
Hox Genes
Homeotic Mutations
Homeobox
Homologous
Tool-kit Genes
Evo-devo
Lecture 35 “Principles of Development” PPT Review
1.) What are the five essential developmental processes we discussed?
2.) What were the steps in cloning?
3.) With the cloning procedure that we discussed, would the offspring have identical genetic
information as the embryo donor or the mammary cell donor or neither?
4.) Be familiar with the anatomical terminology for this test:
5.) Eukaryotic cells control gene expression at several different levels: chromatin remodeling and
modification, transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing of mRNAs, selective destruction of
mRNAs, translation rate, and activation and deactivation of proteins after they’re translated. All
occur during development, but which is the most important in differentiation? Why?
6.) How was pattern formation defined in lecture?
7.) What is a morphogen? When we discussed embryos expressing the bicoid protein, what
determined the anterior and posterior axes? Bicoid’s interaction with DNA classifies it as what
type of protein?
8.) Aside from “maternal-effect genes” like bicoid that control formation of large segments like the
ANT/POST axes, what are the other 3 types of segmentation genes? What segments are being
defined by each?
9.) In what order would each of the segmentation genes be expressed? (The regulatory cascade of
transcription factors)
10.) What are homeotic genes? What is the homeotic gene discussed in class?
11.) What is genetic equivalence? What is differential gene expression? How are cell types
influenced by differential gene expression?
12.) What do HOX genes encode? What is the sequence that distinguishes hox genes? What type of
external factors disturb the regulation of HOX genes?