Download Parts and Functions of Cells

The Cell:
History and Theory
Chapter 7 Powerpoint #2
Honors Biology
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-of-cell-theory#review
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hnWzRxX2z8
Cell Theory and
the Scientists
Who Helped
Shape It
Scientists and
the Cell Theory
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• Born: October 24, 1632
• Died: August 30, 1723
• He is known as the
“Father of Microscopy.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• Discoveries:
- 1673: He looked at
pond scum under
the microscope and
discovered small
organisms he called
animalcules or little
animals (Protists)
- 1676: discovered
bacteria
using his teeth gunk
http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/TimLynch/sci_class/c
hap09/lesson_protista/Protista_Lesson.html#Algae
Robert Hooke
• Born: July 18, 1635
• Died: March 3, 1703
• Wrote and published
“Micrographia”
• Known as the “English
Father of Microscopy”
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Hooke.html
Robert Hooke
Contributions:
- He observed pieces of
cork from the bark of a cork
tree under the microscope.
- His observations led him
to coin the word “cell.”
- “Cell”- means little rooms
in Latin
- He compared the small
boxes to the small rooms
that monks lived in.
http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/essential/life/s
ession1/closer1.html
Matthias Schleiden
• Born: April 5, 1804
• Died: June 23, 1881
• German botanist
• Discovered that all plants
were made of cells
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article9066147/Mathias-Jacob-Schleiden
• Contributed to the creation
of the cell theory
Theodor Schwann
• Born: December 7, 1810
• Died: January 11, 1882
• German zoologist
• Concluded that all animals
are made of cells.
http://www.nndb.com/people/357/000096069/
• Contributed to the creation
of the cell theory
Rudolph Virchow
• Born: October 13, 1821
• Died: September 5, 1902
• German pathologist
• He is known as the
“Father of Pathology.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rudolf_Virchow.jpg
• Discovered that all living cells
come only from other living
cells.
The Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of
cells.(Not made of cells=not living)
2. Cells are the basic units of
structure and function in living
things (anything smaller than cell=not
living)
3. Living cells come only from other
living cells (reproduction)
Two Main Types of Cells
Prokaryote
(Pro=before, karyo=nucleus)
• generally smaller and simpler
• DO NOT have a nucleus –
DNA free-floating
• No membrane bound organelles
• All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular
• Have cell walls
• example: all bacteria
Two Main Types of Cells
Eukaryote (Eu=true, karyo=nucleus)
• Big, complex
• Contains a nucleus,
• Contains dozens of specialized cell parts
(organelles)
• Some unicellular organisms,
many multicellular
• example: all plants, animals, and fungi
Cell Types (Review)
Eukaryotic
1. Contains a nucleus
and other membrane
bound organelles.
2. Rod shaped
chromosomes
Prokaryotic
1. Does not contain a
nucleus or other
membrane bound
organelles.
2. Circular chromosome
3. Found in all kingdoms 3. Found only in the
except the Eubacteria Eubacteria and
and Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria Kingdoms
Viruses
• Have genetic material
• NOT LIVING!!!!
• Can only survive in host
cell
Two Main Types of Cells
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Both:
• Have a cell membrane
• Contain DNA
• Have cytoplasm with ribosomes
Parts and Functions of
Eukaryotic Cells
Organelles
• “mini-organs”
• Each part of a cell with a specific job
is called an organelle
Cell-City Analogy
• Just as a city is made up of many different components,
each with respective functions that they perform for the
city to thrive, a cell is also made of structures
(organelles), each with specific roles and duties.
Nucleus
• Contains the genetic
material (DNA) &
controls the cell’s
activities
• Provides protection for
nuclear material
• Made of 3 parts:
– (1) nuclear envelope
– (2) nucleolus
– (3) chromatin
Nuclear Envelope
• Double –membrane layer that
surrounds the nucleus of a cell
Nucleolus
• Small, dense region within most
nuclei that produces rRNA
Chromatin
• combination of DNA and proteins
Ribosome
• Site of protein synthesis
• May be either free-floating or
attached to E.R.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Network of transport
Channels
• 2 Kinds
– Smooth ER(SER):
Synthesis of lipids and
steroids
– Rough ER (RER):
Synthesis and processing
of proteins (ribosomes
make it “rough”)
Golgi Apparatus
• Packages proteins from the RER for secretion.
• Packages lipids & steroids from the SER in to
vesicles to send to other organelles, or out of the
cell.
Lysosome
• Membrane-enclosed sac of enzymes needed to
break down cellular debris
• recycling the cell's organic material
• Made by the Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
• Releases energy from glucose (cellular
respiration)
• Makes ATP, the main energy source for almost
all cell processes.
Cytoplasm
• Contents of a cell inside the cell
membrane but outside of the nucleus.
• The gel-like substance in the
cytoplasm is called cytosol
Cell Membrane
• Thin, Flexible barrier around a cell that regulates
what enters and leaves the cell.
• More about this later…
Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane
Microfilament
• Long, thin filament that
functions in the movement
and support of the cell
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Microtubule
• Hollow tube of protein that
maintains cell shape and
functions as a “track” along
which organelles move
through the cell
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Animal Cells ONLY !!!
Centriole
• One of two small cylindrical structures
near the nuclear envelope of animal cells.
• It helps organize microtubules during cell
division
• Helps build cilia & flagella
Plant Cells ONLY !!!
Cell Wall
• Provides structure and
protection to the cell.
Found outside cell
membrane in plants,
algae, and some
bacteria
• Made of:
– Cellulose – Plants
– Chitin – Fungi
– Peptidoglycan - Bacteria
Chloroplast
• Converts energy
from the sun into
chemical energy,
in the form of
glucose
Vacuole
• Membrane-bound sac, largest structure in
plant cell
• Helps maintain water pressure in the cell
• Site in the cell where water, salts, proteins,
and carbohydrates are stored
Animal Cells
Centrioles
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Compare Cell Sizes
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/co
ntent/begin/cells/