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Carbon
Authorized by: Dagmar Slezáková
Radka Lenartová
Carbon
 is a chemical element
 typical non-metallic
 is the sixth most common element in the
universe (in the food, the clothes, the
cosmetics, the gasoline)
 is found in abundance in the sun, stars,
comets, and atmospheres of most planets
 the atmosphere of Mars contains 96 % CO2
Chemical properties
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Symbol: C (lat. Carboneum)
Atomic number: 6
Group number: 14
Atomic weight: 12.0107 (8) g r
Electron configuration:
1s2 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell: 2, 4
Allotropic forms
1. graphite (black)
2. diamond (colourless)
3. fullerenes (synthetic)
4. Another allotropes (synthetic):
carbon nanotubes,
lonsdaleite,
aggregated diamond nanorods.
Graphite
 crystallizes in the hexagonal system
 is one of the softest mineral
 is a conductor of electricity (because of
the delocalization of the pi-cloud)
 is combined with clays to form the 'lead'
used in pencils
Diamond
 crystallizes in the cubic system
 is the hardest mineral known to man
 is an excellent electrical insulator
 is used for decorative purposes, and
also as drill bits and other applications
making use of its hardness
Cullian I
(The Star of Africa)
the biggest discovered diamond in the
world
 was cut in 1908 in Amsterdam
 is a component of crown jewellery of
The United Kingdom of Great Britain
(It is set in The Tower in London)
Fullerenes
 also called "buckyballs" and
"buckytubes"
 the properties of fullerenes have not
yet been fully analyzed
 have a graphite-like structure, but
instead of purely hexagonal packing, also
contain pentagons (or possibly
heptagons) of carbon atoms
Inorganic chemistry
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CO2 …carbon dioxide
H2CO3 …carbonic acid
CS2 …carbon disulfide
CO … carbon monoxide
HCN … hydrogen cyanide
CaC2 … calcium carbide
CaCO3 (MgCO3) … calcite (magnesite),
salts of carbonic
acid
Organic chemistry I
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Hydrocarbons C-C, C=C, CΞC, …
Alcohols C-OH
Phenols –OH on aromatic nucleus
Ethers C-O-C
Peroxides C-O-O-H
Aldehydes HC=O
Ketones C-CO-C
Esters R-C-OOR
Organic chemistry II
References:
 http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/uhlik
 www.koh-i-noor.cz/home.html
 http://www.tyden.cz/
 http://www.webelements.com
 Technické slovníky, Nakladatelství
technické literatury, Praha 1992
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