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Vocabulary
Relative &
Radiometric
Absolute
Dating
Age
Rocks
Steno’s
Principles
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The idea that
Earth processes
that are at work
today were also
working on Earth
in the past
uniformitarianism
Atoms of a given
element that have
the same number of
protons but
different numbers
of neutrons
isotope
The process of
changing sediment
into rock
lithification
Layers of rock
strata/stratum
Individual segment
piece or rock particle
clast
The series of
processes that
change rock from
one form into
another
rock cycle
List the three major
types of rock.
Igneous
Metamorphic
Sedimetary
List two facts
about Igneous
Rock.
Produced when magma
solidifies; size of crystals
depends on how fast
rocks form
List two facts about
Metamorphic Rock.
Rock that is put under
extreme pressure or
heat; minerals may
recrystallize and form a
new mineral
List two facts about
Sedimentary Rock.
Rocks form from
sediments;
sediments come
from eroding rocks
and are compacted
and cemented
List Steno’s four
principles.
superposition
original horizontality
original lateral continuity
cross-cutting relationships
What does the
principle of
superposition state?
In a stack of undisturbed
sedimentary rock layers,
the layers on the bottom
were deposited before the
layers on the top. They
are the oldest in the
sequence.
What principles are pictured
below? (in order)
•cross cutting relationships
•superpositon
•original lateral continuity
•original horizontality
What does the
principle of original
horizontality state?
Rock layers are originally
deposited in horizontal,
or nearly horizontal
layers. Rock layers that
are now at an angle
must have been tilted
after the rocks formed.
What principle states
that a rock layer or
feature that cuts
across other rock
layers is younger than
the layers being cut?
Principle of
cross-cutting
relationships
What is relative age?
An estimation of age
made by comparing
position or characteristics
of two objects.
When an unstable atomic
nucleus changes to
another nucleus by
emitting particles and
energy.
radioactive decay
What are the four
steps in the process
that forms
sedimentary rock?
•weathering
•transportation
•deposition
•lithification
Compare relative age
and absolute age of
rocks.
Relative age is an estimation made
by comparing two objects.
Absolute age is determined
through radiometric dating and
allows scientists to provide a
numerical age to rock layers.
Which layer is oldest? Which
layer is youngest? How do you
know?
Layer 1 oldest
Layer 4 youngest
Principle of Superposition
What is the procedure
that scientists use to
calculate the absolute
ages of rocks?
Radiometric dating
Measuring and comparing
the amount of parent
material to the daughter
material in a rock.
What type of rock is
most commonly used to
determine its absolute
age?
Igneous Rocks
Why is it difficult to
determine the absolute
age of metamorphic
rock?
Because of the increase n
temperature and pressure
during metamorphism can cause
a rock to partially melt. When
they melt they become igneous
and their radiometric clock gets
reset.
What is the
approximate age of
Earth?
4.6 billion years old
What does a typical
half-life graph look
like after 4 half-lives
have passed?