Download MASSACHUSETTS STANDARDS

Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
1. MOTION AND FORCES: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects.
PHYSICS, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
1.1
Distinguish between vector quantities (velocity, acceleration,
and force) and scalar quantities (speed and mass)
1.2
Illustrate how to represent vectors graphically and be able to
add them graphically.
1.3
Distinguish between, and solve problems involving, velocity,
speed, and constant acceleration.
1.4
Create and interpret graphs of motion (position vs. time, speed
vs. time, velocity vs. time, constant acceleration vs. time).
1.5
Explain the relationship between mass and inertia.
1.6
Interpret and apply Newton’s first law of motion.
1.7
Interpret and apply Newton’s second law of motion to show
how an object’s motion will change only when a net force is
applied
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Use a free body force diagram with only co-linear forces to
show forces acting on an object, and determine the net force
on it.
1.8
1.9
Qualitatively distinguish between static and kinetic friction,
what they depend on and their effects on the motion of objects.
1.10
Interpret and apply Newton’s third law of motion.
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Define motion, speed, acceleration, deceleration, scalar, vector and
momentum.
Calculate speed distance and time.
Distinguish between constant and average speed.
Compare and contrast speed and velocity.
Calculate acceleration, initial velocity, final velocity, and time.
Determine everyday examples of motion, frame of reference, speed,
velocity, acceleration, circular motion, and momentum.
Explain the property of inertia
Explore and describe how vectors can be used to show magnitude
and direction of forces.
Name and describe all types of forces
Use microcomputers or CBL systems to represent an understanding
of velocity, acceleration, and force of an object by graphical analysis
and use vectors to show the resultant
Represent an understanding of the principles of acceleration.
Describe and represent examples that show when acceleration is
zero and when it is constant.
Use free body diagrams with selected problems to calculate the net
force acting on an object.
Predict the effects of Newton’s three laws of motion on planetary
bodies.
Use and evaluate an accelerometer.
Determine the effect of frame of reference on motion.
Investigate and describe relationships between forces and
acceleration using friction carts of varying masses.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
1. MOTION AND FORCES: Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation describe and predict the motion of most objects.
PHYSICS, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
1.11
Understand conceptually Newton’s laws of universal
gravitation.
1.12
Identify appropriate standard international units of
measurement for force, mass, distance, speed, acceleration,
and time, and explain how they are measured.
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Examine the effects of gravity on falling objects.
Estimate and test the effects of air resistance on falling objects.
State Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
Compare and contrast weight and mass.
Determine the effects of mass and distance on gravitational
attraction.
Propose everyday examples of force, friction, inertia, weight, mass,
Newton’s Laws, and air resistance.
Recognize and describe examples of Newton’s Laws of Motion.
Present evidence to show the effect of various amounts of friction on
moving objects.
Collect data to relate the effect that gravity has on the acceleration of
different massed objects showing that it is a force like any other.
Show and describe examples of Newton’s third law and compare
these to examples of Newton’s second law. Be able to distinguish
between the two.
Solve examples of everyday motion problems using the correct
international units involving force, mass, distance, speed,
acceleration, and time.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
2. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND MOMENTUM: The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide
alternate approaches to predict and describe the movement of objects.
PHYSICS, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
2.1
Interpret and provide examples that illustrate the law of
conservation of energy.
2.2
Provide examples of how energy can be transformed from
kinetic into potential and vice versa.
2.3
Apply quantitatively the law of conservation of mechanical
energy to simple systems.
2.4
Describe the relationship among energy, work, and power both
conceptually and quantitatively.
2.5
Interpret the law of conservation of momentum and provide
examples that illustrate it. Calculate the momentum of an
object.
2.6
Identify appropriate standard international units of
measurement for energy, work, power, and momentum.
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Prove quantitatively and conceptually that total mechanic energy is
conserved is some isolated systems
Compute work, force and distance.
Explain the units used for work and power.
Calculate power, work and time.
Perform calculations using the formula for momentum and
conservation of momentum.
Understanding Conservation of Momentum and Energy
Compare and contrast potential and kinetic energy.
Select everyday examples of objects with potential and/or kinetic
energy.
Demonstrate and describe that energy is transformed from kinetic
and potential energy and vice versa.
Prove quantitatively and conceptually that total mechanic energy is
conserved is some isolated systems.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
3. HEAT AND HEAT TRANSFER: Heat is energy that is transferred between bodies that are at different temperatures by
the processes of convection, conduction, and/or radiation.
PHYSICS, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
3.1
Relate thermal energy to molecular motion.
3.2
Differentiate between specific heat and heat capacity.
3.3
Explain the relationship among temperature change in a
substance for a given amount of heat transferred, the amount
(mass) of the substance, and the specific heat of the
substance.
3.4
Recognize that matter exists in four phases, and explain what
happens during a phase change.
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Describe the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy.
Classify matter based on specific properties.
Identify the general properties of matter.
Differentiate between the four phases of matter on the passes of
particle motion, definite volume, and definite shape.
Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter.
Select everyday examples of phase changes, the gas laws in action,
physical and chemical properties, and physical and chemical changes.
Decide if a change in matter is physical or chemical change.
Determine how changing energy will produce a phase change; explain
from a molecular point of view.
Interpret a phase change diagram.
Value the uniqueness of water in regards to its phase changes and
their importance to the survival of life on earth.
Collect and graph the data of a phase change
Determine the difference between specific heat and heat capacity and
relate it to everyday materials.
Compare the specific heat capacity of different substances, given the
relative amounts of energy required to raise the temperature of a given
mass by a given amount.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
4. WAVES: Waves carry energy from place to place without the transfer of matter.
PHYSICS, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
4.1
Differentiate between wave motion (simple harmonic nonlinear
motion) and the motion of objects (nonharmonic).
4.2
Recognize the measurable properties of waves (e.g., velocity,
frequency, and wavelength) and explain the relationships
among them.
4.3
Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves.
4.4
Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
4.5
Interpret and be able to apply the laws of reflection and
refraction (qualitatively) to all waves.
4.6
Recognize the effects of polarization, wave interaction, and the
Doppler effect.
4.7
Explain, graph, and interpret graphs of constructive and
destructive interference of waves.
4.8
Explain the relationship between the speed of a wave (e.g.,
sound) and the medium it travels through.
4.9
Recognize the characteristics of a standing wave and explain
the conditions under which two waves on a string or in a pipe
can interfere to produce a standing wave.
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Define simple harmonic nonlinear motion, nonharmonic motion,
amplitude, medium, Hertz, period, velocity, frequency, wavelength,
transverse waves, longitudinal waves, mechanical waves and
electromagnetic waves.
Recognize that waves carry energy but not matter.
Give real life examples of transverse, longitudinal, mechanical, and
electromagnetic waves.
Describe the relationship between frequency and wavelength.
Demonstrate the law of reflection and refraction through hands on
experimentation.
Discuss how sound intensity is measured.
Explain the relationship between frequency and pitch.
Discuss the Doppler effect.
Using music and various materials demonstrate examples of
constructive and destructive interference.
Describe polarized light and the uses of polarizing filters
Recognize some of the factors that determine how a concert hall or
theater is designed.
Discuss the uses of sonar.
Explain how ultrasound is useful in medicine.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
5. ELECTROMAGNETISM: Stationary and moving charge particles result in the phenomenon known as electricity and
magnetism.
PHYSICS, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
5.1
Recognize the characteristics of static charge, and explain
how a static charge is generated.
5.2
Interpret and apply Coulomb’s law.
5.3
Explain the difference in concept between electric forces and
electric fields.
5.4
Develop a qualitative and quantitative understanding of
current, voltage, resistance, and the connection between them.
5.5
Identify appropriate units of measurement for current, voltage,
and resistance, and explain how they are measured.
5.6
Analyze circuits (find the current at any point and the potential
difference between any two points on the circuit) using
Kirchoff’s and Ohm’s laws.
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Define electromagnetism.
Describe electrical forces between objects.
Explain, from the point of view of electron transfer, how an object
becomes positively charged or negatively charged and relate this to
the objects’ net charge.
Distinguish between a conductor and an insulator.
Distinguish between electric potential energy and voltage.
Relate the current in a circuit to the resistance of the circuit and the
voltage across it.
Distinguish between series circuits and parallel circuits.
Predict what will happen to the current at any point in a series circuit if
an additional device is connected to the circuit.
Distinguish between direct and alternating current.
Demonstrate use of appropriate units of measurement for currents,
voltage, and resistance through various problems.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
6. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION: Oscillating electric or magnetic fields can generate electromagnetic waves over a
wide spectrum of energies.
PHYSICS, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
6.1
6.2
STATE STANDARDS
Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of wavelength
and energy, and be able to identify specific regions such as
visible light.
Explain how the various wavelengths in the electromagnetic
spectrum have many useful applications such as radio,
television, and microwave appliances, ad cellular telephones.
6.3
Calculate the frequency and energy of an electromagnetic
wave from the wavelength.
6.4
Recognize and explain the ways in which the direction of
visible light can be changed.
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of energy, frequency
and wavelength.
Identify regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Compare and contrast different electromagnetic waves on the basis of
their effect on man.
Identify some useful and some harmful properties of electromagnetic
waves.
Explain how modulating carrier waves makes radio transmissions.
Distinguish between AM and FM radio.
Identify various waves of communication using radio waves.
Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of energy frequency
and wavelength.
Use frequency, wavelength, and energy in various equations.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
1. PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Physical and chemical properties can be used to classify and describe matter.
CHEMISTRY, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
1.1
Identify and explain some of the physical properties that are
used to classify matter, e.g., density, melting point, and boiling
point.
1.2
Explain the difference between mixtures and pure substances.
1.3
Describe the four states of matter (solid, liquid, gas, plasma) in
terms of energy, particle motion, and phase transitions.
1.4
Distinguish between chemical and physical changes.
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Classify matter based on specific properties.
Compare and contrast the specific properties used to separate types
of matter.
Differentiate between the four phases of matter on the basis of particle
motion, definite volume, and definite shape.
Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter.
Decide if a change in matter is a physical or chemical change.
Determine how changing energy will produce a phase change.
Distinguish between a characteristic property and a property that is not
by comparing boiling points, melting points and densities of common
substances determined experimentally.
Investigate and describe a heating and cooling curve to see the
location of plateaus and their significance.
Distinguish between mixtures, compounds and their methods of
separation.
Determine the densities, and melting and boiling points of common
substances and compare the results to water and to each other.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE: An atom is a discrete unit. The atomic model can help us to understand the interaction of
elements and compounds observed on a macroscopic scale.
CHEMISTRY, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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2.1
Trace the development of atomic theory and the structure of
the atom from the ancient Greeks to the present (Dalton,
Thompson, Rutherford, Bohr, and modern theory).
2.2
Interpret Dalton’s atomic theory in terms of the Laws of
Conservation of Mass, Constant Composition, and Multiple
Proportions.
2.3
Identify the major components of the nuclear atom (protons,
neutrons, and electrons) and explain how they interact.
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2.4
Understand that matter has properties of both particles and
waves.
2.5
Using Bohr’s model of the atom interpret changes
(emission/absorption) in electron energies in the hydrogen
atom corresponding to emission transitions between quantum
levels.
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2.6
Describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of wavelength
and energy; identify regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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2.7
Write the electron configurations for elements in the first three
rows of the periodic table.
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Describe how the model of the atom has changed through time.
Infer how changing technology has allowed the model of the atom to
change.
Classify the three main subatomic particles.
Explain and draw the model of the atom.
Define nucleus, proton, electron, neutron, energy level, atomic mass,
unit, atomic number, atomic mass, mass number, isotope, electron
cloud and quark.
Determine the atomic number, number of protons, number of
neutrons, number of electrons, and mass number for various
elements.
Explain the four forces as they apply to atomic structure.
Rank the four forces in respect to distance and strength.
Distinguish between a physical and conceptual model.
Explain how the quantum hypothesis explains atomic spectra.
Explain the usefulness of the shell model of the atom.
Distinguish among the three types of rays given off by radioactive
nuclei and compare their penetrating powers.
Given the half-life of a radioactive isotope and the original mount of
the isotope, predict how much of the isotope will remain at the end of
some multiple of the half-life.
Describe the role of neutrons in causing and sustaining nuclear
fission.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE: An atom is a discrete unit. The atomic model can help us to understand the interaction of
elements and compounds observed on a macroscopic scale.
CHEMISTRY, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
2.8
Describe alpha, beta, and gamma particles; discuss the
properties of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation; and write
balanced nuclear reactions.
2.9
Compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion and mass defect.
2.10
Describe the process of radioactive decay as the spontaneous
breakdown of certain unstable elements (radioactive) into new
elements (radioactive or not) through the spontaneous
emission by the nucleus of alpha or beta particles. Explain the
difference between stable and unstable isotopes.
2.11
Explain the concept of half-life of a radioactive element, e.g.,
explain why the half-life of C14 has made carbon dating a
powerful tool in determining the age of very old objects.
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Define radioactivity, nuclear reaction, nuclear radiation, alpha
particles, beta particles, gamma rays, binding energy, radioactive
decay, transmutation, half-life, decay series, transuranium elements,
nuclear fission, nuclear reactor, nuclear chain reaction, nuclear fusion,
Geiger counter, bubble chamber, cloud chamber, electroscope, tracer,
and radioisotope.
Compare and contrast alpha and beta particles and gamma rays.
Determine the effects of binding energy and the stability of the atom.
Calculate half-life, rate of decay, and the mass of radioactive material
remaining.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
3. PERIODICITY: Periodicity of physical and chemical properties relates to atomic structure and led to the development of
the periodic table. The periodic table displays the elements in order of increasing atomic number.
CHEMISTRY, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
3.1
Explain the relationship of an element’s position on the
periodic table to its atomic number and mass.
3.2
Use the periodic table to identify metals, nonmetal metalloids,
families (groups), periods, valence electrons, and reactivity
with other elements in the table.
3.3
3.4
Relate the position of an element on the periodic table to its
electron configuration.
Identify trends on the periodic table (ionization energy,
electronegativity, electron affinity, and a relative size of atoms
and ions).
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Define periodic law, family, metalloid, ductile, malleable, group, period,
metal, nonmetal, luster, corrosion, alkali metal, alkali earth metal,
chalocogen, halogen, inert, rare earth elements, noble gases,
transition elements, lanthanide’s, and actinides.
Explain how Medeleev developed the periodic table and how it has
been changed through time.
Relate an atom’s valence number to the number of electrons in its
valence shell.
Explain how the electron arrangement changes across a period.
Determine how and why atomic size changes across a period and
down a group.
List the maximum number of electrons in the first three energy levels.
Predict an element’s ionization energy or election affinity based on its
location on the periodic table.
Predict the common oxidation numbers of atoms based on their
position on the periodic table.
Determine the relationship between properties and groups.
Compare and contrast the properties of metal, metalloids and
nonmetals.
Evaluate an element’s activity based on its location in the periodic
table.
Select everyday life examples to represent metal, nonmetals,
metalloids, luster, malleability, corrosion, and periodicity.
Define all tends (ionization energy, electronegativity, electron affinity,
and relative size of atoms and ions) and explain why they occur.
Andover Benchmarks
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
2003-2004
4. CHEMICAL BONDING: Atoms form bonds by the interactions of their valence electrons.
CHEMISTRY, GRADE 9 OR 10
STRAND
NO.
STATE STANDARDS
4.1
Explain how atoms combine to form compounds through both
ionic and covalent bonding.
4.2
Draw Lewis dot structures for simple molecules.
4.3
Relate electronegativity and ionization energy to the type of
bonding an element is likely to undergo.
4.4
Predict the geometry of simple molecules and their polarity
(valence shell electron pair repulsion).
4.5
Identify the types of intermolecular forces present based on
molecular geometry and polarity.
4.6
Predict chemical formulas based on the number of valence
electrons.
4.7
Name and write the chemical formula for simple ionic and
molecular compounds, including those that contain common
polyatomic ions.
BENCHMARKS
CONTENTS SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE
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Describe chemical bonding in terms of an atom’s electron
arrangement.
Define ionic bonding, covalent bonding, ion, ionization, ionization
energy, electron affinity, crystal lattice, network solid, polyatomic ion,
metallic bond, oxidation number, binary compound, ternary compound,
molecular compound, and valence electron.
Construct electron dot diagrams illustrating ionic and covalent
bonding.
Determine the results of ionic bonding between elements of a regular
pattern of ion n a crystal lattice.
Predict which atoms are most likely to engage in ionic, covalent, or
metallic bonding.
Compare and contrast the characteristics of ionic compounds and
covalent molecules.
Relate the involvement of energy with chemical bonding.