Download Cell Reproduction - Rocky Mountain Middle School

Chapter 4
Standard #1: Cell Division (Mitosis) -
7.S.1.1.2
Standard #2: Cell Reproduction (Meiosis) Standard #3: DNA -
7.S.1.1.2
7.S.1.1.2
Standard #4: Models/Charts/Graphs/Data -
7.S.1.2.3/7.S.1.6.2/7.S.1.6.3
 Chromosome
 Sexual reproduction
 DNA
 Mitosis
 Asexual reproduction
 Meiosis
 RNA
 Genes
 Mutation
 Cell Cycle
 Interphase
 Prophase
 Anaphase
 Metaphase
 Telophase
 Diploid
 Haploid
The birth, life and death of cells.
Cells have a life cycle
A cell life cycle is the birth, growth &
development, death of a cell
Cell cycle consists of two major periods:
interphase and cell division
Interphase: a growth phase (long)
Interphase is divided into 3 phases:
G1 phase = growth phase (DNA & protein made)
S phase = DNA synthesis takes place
(DNA replicates)
G2 phase = growth phase
(RNA & protein made, proofreading DNA)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lf9rcqifx34 cell cycle and mitosis
Cell division: short phase
Cell division is divided into 2 phases:
1. Mitosis = nucleus of cell divides
2. Cytokinesis = cytoplasm divides
Cell division increases the number of cells in
an organism
Cell division allows growth and replaces
worn out or damaged cells
Single celled organisms reproduce
through cell division
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6hn3sA0ip0
cycle and mitosis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcZQkmooyPk min 1-4 animal cells cell cycle and mitosis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AhgRhXl7w_g mitosis only 1:30 min
whole movie good cell
CHROMATIDS / CHROMOSOMES / GENES:
INTERPHASE:
DNA duplicates
(goes from 46 chromosomes to 92 chromatids)
Growth phase
Interphase is NOT a step of
Mitosis. It happens before
mitosis begins.
Cells division that results in 2
identical daughter cells
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab3/mitfilm.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwcwSZIfKlM&list=
PLb3m_5kPlQwOn78c2uHdyFbXn8RHPZAYK
MITOSIS:
 cell divides 1 time
 Makes 2 identical copies
 replace or makes new cells
 Body cell go through mitosis
 Diploid cells= cells with complete set of chromosomes
46
46
92
46
cell divides 1 time
Makes 2 identical copies
replace or makes new cells
Body cell go through mitosis
Diploid cells= cells with complete
set of chromosomes
PROPHASE:
Cell gets idea that it is time to
divide
DNA Condenses
Centrioles move to opposite
ends of cell
Spindle fibers begin to form
PROPHASE:
Cell gets idea that it is time to divide
DNA Condenses
Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell
Spindle fibers begin to form
PROMETAPHASE:
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
METAPHASE:
(MIDDLE)
DNA line up on center axis
Centromere of each pair
attaches to spindle fibers
ANAPHASE:
(AWAY)
 Separation begins
 Chromosomes splits and migrate to
opposite sides
 Anaphase complete when
chromatids get the side of the cell
TELOPHASE: (TWO)
2 New nuclei form
Spindle fibers start to
disappear
Chromosomes start to uncoil
CYTOKINESIS: (CYTOPLASM)
 Not a step of mitosis.
 It
IS a step in the cell cycle.
 Cytoplasm splits
 Result = Two identical daughter
cells formed.
 Diploid cells = cells with complete
sets of chromosomes.
REPRODUCTION:
Cell reproduction is process
organism use to produce others of
their own kind.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
Asexual reproduction: A way to make a new
organism from one organism.
In asexual reproduction the heredity information is
identical to the parent organism.
2 TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
Budding:
 a new organism develops
from an outgrowth (bud) on
parent ,due to cell division
Regeneration:
 Example: Paramecium& hydra & strawberries
Process that uses cell
division to regrow body
parts.
 Example: sponges
 Another type of asexual reproduction is
fission
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfbhwq95Duc
binary
(bacteria, fungi, protest reproduce this way)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5dOSyaKWTQ
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
A way to make a new organism from gametes
(sperm and egg) joining together.
Recombination of
genes
MEIOSIS:
Type of cell division
Produces 4 cells, with ½ the # of chromosomes as
parent = Haploid cells
Happens when it is time to reproduce an organism
It shuffles the cell’s genes around
Cell divides 2 times (meiosis 1 & meiosis 2)
MEIOSIS DEFINITION:
cell division that produces reproductive
cells in sexually reproducing organisms.
MEIOSIS I :
 Interphase I = DNA duplicated
 Prophase I = nuclear membrane goes away
 each duplicated chromosome comes near its similar duplicated mate
 Metaphase I = pairs of duplicated chromosomes line up in center of cell.
 Centromere of each chromatid pair becomes attached to one
spindle fiber
 Anaphase I = 2 pairs of chromatids pulled to ends of cell
 Each duplicated chromosome still has 2 chromatids.
 Telophase I = cytoplasm divides and 2 new cells form
 Each new cell has 1 duplicated chromosome from each similar pair
MEIOSIS II:
 2 cells from Meiosis I now start meiosis II
 Prophase II = duplicated chromosomes & spindle fibers reappear
in each new cell
 Metaphase II = duplicated chromosomes line up at center of the cell
 Centromere attaches to 2 spindle fibers instead of 1
 Anaphase II = centromere divides , chromatids separate to
opposite ends of cell
 Telophase II = spindle fibers disappear & nuclear membrane forms
 Cyctoplasm divides
RESULT OF MEIOSIS:
4 sex cells with 23 unpaired
(unduplicated) chromosomes each
 1) DNA stands for Dioxyribonucleic
acid.
 2) DNA contains instructions that code
for development, function and
structure of an organism.
 3) DNA carries genetic information that
is passed form one generation to
the next.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY
5 min good.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy8dk5iS1f0 1 min
DNA STRUCTURE
 1) DNA is a nucleic acid (organic compound) with subunits
called nucleotides.
 2) 3 Parts to nucleotides:
 Phosphate group
 Sugar (deoxyribose)
 Nitrogen base – 4 different nitrogen bases:
 Adenine (A)
 Thymine (T)
 Cytosine (C)
 Guanine (G)
 3) DNA is a double helix structure (twisted ladder)
 Sides of ladder = alternate sugar phosphate group
 Rungs of ladder = pairs of nitrogen bases
DNA REPLICATION:
 1) In order for DNA to be passed from 1 generation
to the next, it must be able to replicate an exact
copy of itself.
 2) DNA replicates before a cell divides.
 3) Steps to DNA replication:
 a. DNA helix unwinds
 b. 2 strands unzips
 c. Each strand acts as a template for the new strands.
 d. Free nucleotides pair with bases along each of the
DNA strands.
 4) The result of DNA replication is 2 identical strands
of DNA.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdDkiRw1PdU 1 min
GENES:
 1) Genes are a section of DNA on a chromosome.
 2) Genes determine the order of amino acids in
proteins.
 3) Change the order of amino acids and you make a
different protein.
 4) Proteins are made of chains of amino acids.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MQdXjRPHmQ
RIBONUCLEIC ACID: (RNA)
 1) RNA stands for ribonucleic acid.
 2) RNA’s most important job is to synthesize protein.
 3) RNA structure is a long, single stranded chain of
nucleotides.
 4) 3 Types of RNA:
 a. mRNA: messenger RNA
 b. rRNA: ribosomal RNA
 c. tRNA: transfer RNA
 5) RNA Structure:
 Sides of ladder = Ribose sugar & phosphate
 Rungs of ladder = 4 Nitrogen bases:
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (MAKING PROTEIN):
 1) Protein synthesis is the process of decoding DNA
to make a protein.
 2) Proteins are large molecules composed of subunits
called amino acids.
 3) In a protein, different amino acids are linked
together in a specific sequence.
 4) The sequence of nucleotides (A,T,G,C)
in DNA determine the sequence of amino acids.
MUTATIONS
1) Mutations are any permeant change
in the DNA sequence of a gene or
chromosomes.
Gene mutation or alterations in a genomic sequence can
drastically impact a person's normal way of living. Such
alterations can be either spontaneous or can be induced
through radiation, viruses, mutagenic chemicals or
transposons.
Progeria
Genetic Components:
Alcoholism
Color blindness
Sickle cell
Breast cancer
Parkinson disease
Autism