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Principles of Anatomy
and Physiology
Thirteenth Edition
Gerard J. Tortora • Bryan H. Derrickson
Chapter 28
The Reproductive Systems
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Peritoneum
Sagittal
plane
Urinary bladder
Ductus (vas) deferens
Suspensory ligament of
penis
Sacrum
Pubic symphysis
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Vesicorectal pouch
Deep muscles of
perineum
Coccyx
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
gland
Rectum
Ampulla of ductus
(vas) deferens
Corpus cavernosum penis
Spongy (penile) urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Body of penis
Prostatic urethra
Root of penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Anus
Epididymis
Corona
Membranous urethra
Testis
Glans penis
Scrotum
Prepuce (foreskin)
(a) Sagittal section
External urethral orifice
SUPERIOR
Urinary bladder
(opened)
Prostate
Seminal vesicle
Ductus (vas) deferens
Pubic symphysis
Prostatic urethra
Corpus cavernosum
penis
Ejaculatory duct
Membranous urethra
Corpus spongiosum
penis
Rectum
Body of penis
Root of penis
Testis
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Corona
Spongy (penile) urethra
Glans penis
POSTERIOR
(b) Sagittal section
ANTERIOR
Internal oblique muscle
Spermatic cord
Aponeurosis of external
oblique muscle (cut)
Fundiform ligament of
penis
Superficial (cutaneous)
inguinal ring
Suspensory ligament of penis
Cremaster muscle
Inguinal canal
Transverse section of
penis:
Corpora cavernosa penis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Autonomic nerve
Spongy (penile) urethra
Testicular artery
Corpus spongiosum penis
Lymphatic vessel
Pampiniform plexus of
testicular veins
Scrotal septum
Epididymis
Cremaster muscle
Tunica albuginea of testis
External spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis
(peritoneum)
Dartos muscle
Internal spermatic fascia
Skin of scrotum
Raphe
Anterior view of scrotum and testes and transverse section of penis
Sagittal
plane
Spermatic cord
Blood vessels
and nerves
Head of epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Seminiferous tubule
Efferent duct
Straight tubule
Body of epididymis
Rete testis
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Ductus epididymis
Lobule
Tail of epididymis
Septum
(a) Sagittal section of testis showing seminiferous tubules
SUPERIOR
Testicular blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, and
nerves
Body of epididymis
Head of epididymis
Testis
Tail of epididymis
Tunica vaginalis
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
(b) Lateral view of testis and associated structures
Rete testis
Seminiferous tubules
Tunica vaginalis
Testis
Tunica albuginea
(c) Sagittal section
Transverse plane
Leydig cell
Basement membrane
Basement membrane
Sertoli cell
LM
Spermatid (n)
40x
Secondary spermatocyte (n)
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
LM
160x
Spermatogonium
(2n) (stem cell)
(a) Transverse section of several seminiferous tubules
Leydig cell
Blood capillary
SPERMATOGENIC CELLS:
Basement membrane
Spermatogonium (2n)
(stem cell)
Sertoli cell nucleus
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
Blood–testis barrier
(tight junction)
Secondary spermatocyte (n)
Spermatid (n)
Sperm cell or
spermatozoon (n)
Lumen of seminiferous
tubule
(b) Transverse section of part of seminiferous tubule
Basement membrane of
seminiferous tubule
Superficial
Some spermatogonia remain
as precursor stem cells
Spermatogonium
2n
2n
Mitosis
Some spermatogonia
pushed away from
basement membrane
2n
Differentiation
Primary spermatocyte
DNA replication, tetrad
formation, and crossing-over
2n
MEIOSIS
Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocytes
n
n
Meiosis II
Cytoplasmic
bridge
SPERMIOGENESIS
Deep
Each chromosome has
two chromatids
Spermatids
n
n
n
Spermatozoa
n
n
n
n
n
Lumen of seminiferous tubule
Acrosome
HEAD
Nucleus
Neck
Mitochondria
Middle piece
Principal
piece
End piece
TAIL
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Testosterone decreases
release of GnRH and LH
Anterior pituitary
Inhibin decreases
release of FSH
Together with
testosterone,
FSH stimulates
spermatogenesis
Gonadotroph
FSH LH
LH stimulates
testosterone
secretion
Inhibin
Testosterone
ABP
Spermatogenic
cells
Sertoli cells secrete
androgenbinding
protein (ABP)
Dihydrotestosterone
(DHT)
• Male pattern of development (before birth)
• Enlargement of male sex organs and
expression of male secondary sex
characteristics (starting at puberty)
• Anabolism (protein synthesis)
Leydig cells secrete
testosterone
Key:
LH
LH receptor
FSH
FSH receptor
Testosterone
Androgen
receptor
Some stimulus disrupts
homeostasis by
Increasing
Blood level of testosterone
Receptors
Cells in
hypothalamus
that secrete
GnRH
Decreased GnRH
in portal blood
Input
Control center
Anterior
pituitary
gonadotrophs
Return to homeostasis
when response brings
blood level of
testosterone back to
normal
Decreased LH
in systemic blood
Output
Effectors
Leydig cells in testes
secrete less
testosterone
Decrease in blood
level of testosterone
Right ductus
(vas) deferens
View
Left ureter
Urinary bladder
Ampulla of ductus
(vas) deferens
Hip bone (cut)
Seminal vesicle
Prostate
Seminal vesicle duct
Prostatic urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Membranous
(intermediate) urethra
Deep muscles of perineum
Crus of penis
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
gland
Bulb of penis
Corpora cavernosa penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Spongy (penile) urethra
(a) Posterior view of male accessory organs of reproduction
Urinary bladder
Left ureter
Hip bone
Pelvic diaphragm
Right ductus (vas)
deferens
Seminal vesicle
Obturator internus
muscle
Ampulla of ductus
(vas) deferens
Deep muscles of
perineum
Prostate
Bulbospongiosus
muscle
(b) Posterior view of male accessory organs of reproduction
Urinary bladder
Internal urethral orifice
Prostate
Prostatic urethra
Orifice of ejaculatory duct
Deep muscles of perineum
Membranous urethra
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
ROOT OF PENIS:
Bulb of penis
Crus of penis
BODY OF PENIS:
Corpora cavernosa penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Spongy (penile) urethra
Corona
GLANS PENIS
Frontal
plane
Prepuce (foreskin)
External urethral orifice
(a) Frontal section
Deep
dorsal
vein
Skin
Dorsal
artery
Subcutaneous layer
Transverse
plane
Superficial (subcutaneous)
dorsal vein
Fascia
Dorsal
Corpora cavernosa penis
Tunica albuginea of corpora
cavernosa
Deep artery of penis
Corpus spongiosum penis
Spongy (penile) urethra
Ventral
(b) Transverse section
Tunica albuginea of corpus
spongiosum penis
Transverse
plane
Superficial dorsal vein
Deep dorsal vein
Skin
Dorsal artery
Subcutaneous
layer
Corpora cavernosa penis
Tunica albuginea of corpora
cavernosa
Deep artery of penis
Spongy (penile) urethra
Corpus spongiosum penis
Tunica albuginea of corpus
spongiosum penis
(c) Transverse section
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Fimbriae
Sagittal
plane
Ovary
Uterus
Sacrum
Round ligament of uterus
Uterosacral ligament
Cervix
Posterior fornix of vagina
Urinary bladder
Rectouterine pouch
(pouch of Douglas)
Vesicouterine pouch
Pubic symphysis
Mons pubis
Coccyx
Clitoris
Rectum
Urethra
Anus
Labium majus
External urethral orifice
Vagina
(a) Sagittal section
Labium minus
Fimbriae
Ovary
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Fundus of uterus
Body of uterus
Rectouterine pouch
(pouch of Douglas)
Cervix of uterus
Vesicouterine pouch
Pubic symphysis
Urinary bladder
Mons pubis
Vagina
Clitoris
Rectum
Urethra
Labium minus
Labium majus
(b) Sagittal section
ANTERIOR
Rectus abdominis muscle
Urinary bladder
Uterus
View
Round ligament
Transverse
plane
Ovarian ligament
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Mesovarium
Ovary
Cecum
Rectouterine pouch
(pouch of Douglas)
Broad ligament
Vermiform appendix
Suspensory ligament
Cardinal ligament
Ureter
Uterosacral ligament
Ileum
Sigmoid colon
Common iliac artery
POSTERIOR
Superior view of transverse section
Primordial
follicle
Secondary
follicle
Germinal
epithelium
Primary
follicle
Ovarian cortex
Frontal
plane
Follicular fluid
Mature (graafian) follicle
Blood vessels in
hilum of ovary
Ovarian medulla
Corpus albicans
Corpus hemorrhagicum
(ruptured follicle)
Corona radiata
Ovulation discharges
secondary oocyte
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Blood clot
(a) Frontal section
Corpus
luteum
Germinal epithelium
Ovarian cortex
Ovarian medulla
Blood vessel in hilum
of ovary
Degenerating mature
(graafian) follicle
(b) Hemisection
LM
20x
Ovary
Secondary
oocyte
LM
(c) Ovulation of a secondary oocyte
30x
Primary oocyte
Follicular cells
Basement
membrane
Stromal
cell
Collagen
fiber
(a) Primordial follicle
Basement
membrane
Zona pellucida
Granulosa
cells
Collagen fiber
Primary
oocyte
Theca folliculi
(b) Late primary follicle
Basement
membrane
Zona pellucida
Antrum
Corona
radiata
Theca folliculi:
Theca externa
Theca interna
Primary
oocyte
Stromal cell
Collagen fiber
Granulosa
cells
Blood vessels
(c) Secondary follicle
Basement
membrane
Zona pellucida
Antrum filled with
follicular fluid
Corona
radiata
Primary
oocyte
Theca folliculi:
Theca externa
Theca interna
Granulosa
cells
(d) Mature (graafian) follicle
Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Primordial follicle
Ovarian cortex
Primary follicle
granulosa cells
Theca folliculi
Zona pellucida
Primary oocyte
Secondary follicle
granulosa cells
Secondary follicle
Corpus luteum
(e) Ovarian cortex
LM
30x
Primary oocyte
Zona pellucida
Corona radiata
Secondary follicle
granulosa cells
Antrum filled with
follicular fluid
Theca folliculi
LM
(f) Secondary follicle
70x
2n
During fetal development
meiosis I begins.
Oogonium
Meiosis I
2n
Primary oocyte
After puberty, primary oocytes
complete meiosis I, which
produces a secondary oocyte
and a first polar body that may
or may not divide again.
n
n
Secondary
oocyte
Ovulation
n
First
polar body
n
n
n
Sperm + Secondary
cell
oocyte
Fertilization
n
n
Ovum
n
Second
polar body
2n
Zygote
The secondary oocyte begins
meiosis II.
A secondary oocyte (and first
polar body) is ovulated.
Meiosis II
After fertilization, meiosis II
resumes. The oocyte splits into
an ovum and a second polar
body.
The nuclei of the sperm cell
and the ovum unite, forming a
diploid (2n) zygote.
Fetal period
2n
Oogonium
2n
Primary
oocyte
Mitosis
Meiosis in progress
2n
Childhood (no development
of follicles)
2n
Puberty to menopause
each month
Primary oocyte
(in prophase I)
Primary
oocyte
(still in prophase I)
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
2n Primary oocyte
Meiosis I completed by
one primary oocyte
each month
First polar body n
n
Meiosis II
of first
polar body
may or may
not occur
n
Primordial follicle
Secondary
oocyte (in
metaphase II)
Mature (graafian)
follicle
Ovulation
Sperm cell
n
n
Meiosis II completed
if fertilization occurs
n
n
Second
polar body
All polar bodies degenerate
2n
Ovum
Ovulated secondary
oocyte
Isthmus of
uterine tube
Fimbriae of uterine tube
Infundibulum of
uterine tube
Fundus of uterus
Ampulla of
uterine tube
Suspensory
ligament
Infundibulum of
uterine tube
Uterine (fallopian)
tube
Uterine cavity
Ovary
Endometrium
Ovarian ligament
Myometrium
Broad ligament
Perimetrium
Body of uterus
Internal os
Cervix of uterus
Cervical canal
Lateral fornix
Rugae
View
Posterior view of uterus and associated structures
Ureter
Isthmus
Uterosacral ligament
External os
Vagina
Transverse plane
Uterine tube
Cilia
Peg cell (nonciliated)
with microvilli
Ciliated simple
columnar cell
Lamina propria
(areolar connective
tissue)
Lumen of
uterine tube
LM
(a) Details of epithelium
400x
Cilia of ciliated
simple columnar
epithelial cell
Peg cell
(nonciliated)
with microvilli
SEM
4000x
(b) Details of epithelium in surface view
Lumen of
uterus
Endometrium:
Stratum
functionalis
Stratum
basalis
Myometrium:
Inner
longitudinal
layer
Middle
circular
layer
Outer
longitudinal
layer:
(a) Transverse section through the uterine
wall: second week of menstrual cycle (left)
and third week of menstrual cycle (right)
Perimetrium
LM 10x
LM
8x
Lumen of uterus
Simple columnar epithelium
Stratum functionalis
Endometrial gland
Stratum
basalis
LM
(b) Details of endometrium
115x
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Uterine cavity
Radial artery
Endometrial gland
Endometrium:
Arcuate artery
Stratum functionalis
Uterine artery
Stratum basalis
Straight arteriole
Radial artery
Cervix
Vagina
Details of portion
of uterine wall
Uterine artery
Anterior view with left side of uterus partially sectioned
Spiral arteriole
Mons pubis
Prepuce of clitoris
Labia majora (spread)
Clitoris
Labia minora (spread
exposing vestibule)
External urethral orifice
Hymen
Vaginal orifice (dilated)
Anus
(a) Inferior view
Lumen of vagina
Mucosa:
Nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis:
Inner
circular
layer
Transverse plane
Vagina
Outer
longitudinal
layer
LM
15x
Adventitia
(b) Transverse section through vaginal wall
Lumen of vagina
Mucosa:
Nonkeratinized
stratified squamous
epithelium
Lamina propria
LM
(c) Details of mucosa
100x
Pubic symphysis
Bulb of the vestibule
Clitoris
Ischiocavernosus muscle
External urethral orifice
Greater vestibular
(Bartholin’s) gland
Vaginal orifice (dilated)
Superficial transverse
perineal muscle
Bulbospongiosus muscle
ANAL TRIANGLE
Ischial tuberosity
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
External anal sphincter
Anus
Coccyx
Gluteus maximus
Inferior view
Suspensory ligament of the breast
(Cooper’s ligament)
Rib
Pectoral fascia
Pectoralis major muscle
Intercostal muscles
Lobule containing alveoli
Secondary tubule
Mammary duct
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
Areola
Nipple
Nipple
Areola
Adipose tissue in
subcutaneous layer
Sagittal plane
(a) Sagittal section
(b) Anterior view, partially sectioned
GnRH
Hypothalamus
GnRH stimulates
release of FSH and LH
Anterior pituitary
gland
FSH
LH
FSH stimulates
Growing
follicles
Initial development of
ovarian follicles
Estrogens
• Promote development and
maintenance of female
reproductive structures,
feminine secondary sex
• characteristics, and breasts
• Increase protein anabolism
• Lower blood cholesterol
• Moderate levels inhibit release
of GnRH, FSH, and LH
LH stimulates
Ovaries
Ovulation
Further development of ovarian
follicles and their secretion of
estrogens and inhibin
Progesterone
• Works with estrogens to
prepare endometrium for
implantation
• Prepares mammary glands
to secrete milk
• Inhibits release of GnRH
and LH
Corpus luteum
Secretion of progesterone, estrogens,
relaxin, and inhibin by corpus luteum
Relaxin
Inhibin
• Inhibits contractions of
uterine smooth muscle
• During labor, increases
flexibility of pubic
symphysis and dilates
uterine cervix
• Inhibits release of
FSH and, to a lesser
extent, LH
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior
pituitary
Follicular phase
Primordial
follicles
Primary
follicles
Secondary
follicle
FSH
Mature
(graafian)
follicle
Luteal phase
LH
Ovulation
Corpus
Hemorrhagicum
Corpus luteum
Ovarian cycle
Progesterone and estrogens
Estrogens
Uterine
(menstrual)
cycle
Stratum
functionalis
Stratum
basalis
Days
Menstrual
phase
Preovulatory
phase
Ovulation
(a) Hormonal regulation of changes in the ovary and uterus
Postovulatory
phase
Corpus
albicans
Hormone concentration
LH
Progesterone
Estrogens
FSH
Days
(b) Changes in concentration of anterior pituitary and ovarian hormones
Hypothalamus
GnRH
1 High levels of estrogens
2 GnRH promotes release of
from almost mature
follicle stimulate release
of more GnRH and LH
FSH and more LH
LH
Anterior pituitary
3 LH surge brings
about ovulation
Ovary
Almost mature
(graafian) follicle
Ovulated
secondary
oocyte
Corpus hemorrhagicum
(ruptured follicle)
High levels of
estrogens (without
progesterone)
stimulate release
of GnRH, LH, and
FSH
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Moderate levels of
estrogens inhibit
secretion of GnRH,
FSH, and LH
Low levels of
progesterone and
estrogens promote
secretion of GnRH,
FSH, and LH
Anterior
pituitary
Inhibin inhibits
secretion of FSH
and LH
FSH LH
Ovary
Growth of
primary and
secondary
follicles
Maturation
of one
dominant
follicle
Formation
of corpus
luteum
Ovulation
Formation
of corpus
albicans
Ovarian
hormones
Increasing
secretion of
estrogens and
inhibin by
granulosa cells
Increased secretion
of progesterone and
estrogens by cells of
corpus luteum
Increased
secretion of
inhibin by cells of
corpus luteum
No secretion of
progesterone
and estrogens by
corpus albicans
Uterus
Repair and proliferation
of endometrium
Preparation of
endometrium for arrival
of fertilized ovum
Menstruation
Mesonephros
Mesonephros
Gonadal ridges
Paramesonephric
(Müllerian) duct
Gonadal ridges
Mesonephric
(Wolffian) duct
Paramesonephric
(Müllerian) duct
Mesonephric
(Wolffian) duct
Urogenital sinus
Urogenital
sinus
Undifferentiated stage
(fifth–sixth week)
Anterior view
Anterolateral view
MALE DEVELOPMENT
FEMALE DEVELOPMENT
MALE DEVELOPMENT
FEMALE DEVELOPMENT
Ovary
Efferent duct
Uterine
(fallopian) tube
Epididymis
Testis
Paramesonephric
(Müllerian) duct
degenerating
Mesonephric
(Wolffian) duct
degenerating
Mesonephric
(Wolffian) duct
Prostatic
utricle
Seventh–eighth week
Fused
paramesonephric
(Müllerian) ducts
(uterus)
Urogenital
sinus
Eighth–ninth week
MALE DEVELOPMENT
FEMALE DEVELOPMENT
Seminal vesicle
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Uterus
Uterine (fallopian)
tube
Prostate
Urethra
Vagina
Remnant of
mesonephric duct
Bulbourethral
(Cowper’s) gland
Epididymis
Ovary
Efferent duct
Testis
At birth
At birth
Genital tubercle
Urethral folds
Urethral groove
Urogenital sinus
Labioscrotal swelling
Anus
Perineum
Undifferentiated stage (about five-week embryo)
Glans penis
Urethral folds
Clitoris
Labioscrotal
swelling
Perineum
Anus
External urethral orifice
Ten-week embryo
Glans penis
Labia majora
Penis
Labia minora
Scrotum
Vaginal
orifice
Anus
Near birth
Clitoris
External urethral orifice
Vestibule