Download Study Guide and Review Material for 1st Quarter Midterm Unit 1: The

Study Guide and Review Material for 1st Quarter Midterm
Unit 1: The Scientific Method
1. The step-by-step process of discovery that leads to new facts is SCIENTIFIC METHOD
2. A prediction about what will happen in an experiment is a HYPOTHESIS
3. A procedure for testing a hypothesis is a(n) EXPERIMENT
4. Factors that can be changed in an experiment are VARIABLES
5. The factor controlled and changed by the researcher is the INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
6. The factor that is measured at the outcome of the experiment is the DEPENDANT VARIABLE
7. Factors that are kept the same for both groups are known as CONSTANT
8. The group that is the normal situation, and thus the comparison group, is the CONTROL GROUP
9. The group that gets the extra variable applied to it is called the EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
10. Bart thinks that mice exposed to microwaves will live longer than normal. To test this, he takes 50 mice,
calls them group A, and puts them in the microwave for 10 seconds. He takes another group of 50 mice,
calls them group B, and sets them aside and does not put them in the microwave. He found that the average
life span of the microwaved mice was 16 months and the average life span of the non-microwaved mice was
22 months.
 What is the control group? GROUP B
 What is the experimental group? GROUOP A
 What is the independent variable? MICROWAVES
 What is the dependent variable? LIFESPAN OF THE MICE
 What is a constant? THE NUMBER OF MICE
Unit 2: The Chemistry of Life
1. Macromolecules are the basic molecules of life. There are 4 basic kinds of biomolecules. They are
PROTEINS/AMINO ACIDS CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS and NUCLEIC ACIDS
2. Large chains of individual subunits/building blocks are called POLYMERS
3. Each polymer is made up of individual subunits/building blocks. These are called MONOMER
4. The type of biomolecule/polymer that is made up of C, H, and O and functions in short term energy storage
is CARBOHYDRATE
5. Note the structure of carbohydrates – they are grouped together in RINGS!!!
6. The monomers of these are SACCARIDES
7. An example of this biomolecule is GLUCOSE
8. The type of biomolecule/polymer that is made up of C and H and very little O and functions in long term
energy storage, membrane structure, and hormones is LIPIDS
9. Note the structure of lipids – they are grouped together in long chains of Cs and Hs.
10. The monomers of these are GLYCERIDES and FATTY ACIDS
11. An example of this biomolecule is PHOSPHOLIPIDS
12. The type of biomolecule/polymer that is made up of C, H, O, and N and functions in movement, cell defense
and transport, cellular communication, and as enzymes is AMINO ACID/PROTEIN
13. The monomers of these are AMINO ACID
14. An example of this biomolecule is PROTEIN
15. The type of specialized protein that catalyzes/regulates chemical reactions is ENZYME
16. Enzymes are affected by three things. They are TEMPERATURE pH and _______________.
17. The type of biomolecule/polymer that is made up of C, H, O, and N and functions in storing genetic
materials is NUCLEIC ACID
18. The monomers of these are NUCLEOTIDE
19. An example of this biomolecule is DNA/RNA
20. A(n) ORGANELLE is a specialized structure inside of a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and performs
a very specialized function.
21. The basic unit of life and organization is the CELL
22. The three basic types of cells are PLANT ANIMAL and BACTERIA
23. Simple, non-living particles that require a host in order to reproduce are called VIRUS
24. Bacteria belong to the cell type known as PROKARYOTIC These cells are simple and do not have many
membrane-bound ORGANELLE
25. Complex cells, like those found in plants and animals, have complex and specialized structures known as
ORGANELLE These types of cells are known as EUKARYOTIC
26. Three things found in plant cells that are absent in animal cells are CELL WALL CHLOROPLAST and
VACUOLE
27. Three things found in animal cells that is absent in plant cells are CENTRISOME LYSOSOMES and
______________.
Unit 3: Plasma Membrane and Cellular Transport
1. A cell’s membrane helps it to maintain HOMEOSTASIS the process of keeping the cell’s internal
environment the same.
2. The plasma membrane is made up of 4 parts: the ________________, the ______________, the
_______________, and the ______________.
3. The job of the CELL MEMBRANE is to provide a barrier so that materials cannot freely move into the cell.
4. The job of
into or out
the CHANNEL PROTEIN is to transport desired materials
of the cell.
5. Because the parts of the membrane are free to move the plasma membrane is best described by the FLUID
MOSAIC model.
6. The job of the CHOLESTERAL is the help keep the plasma membrane fluid by preventing the phospholipids
from sticking together.
7. The job of the MARKER PROTEIN is the help the plasma membrane identify materials in the environment.
8. Cells can transport materials into and out of the cells using two types of transport, ACTIVE and PASSIVE
based on whether or not any energy is used.
9. Passive transport, which does not use energy, can be one of three types - DIFFUSION FACILITATED
DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS
10. The diagram below shows which passive transport process? DIFFUSION
11. The last step of the diagram above is when all of the molecules are equally spread out. This is called
EQUILIBRIUM
12. The diffusion of water across a membrane is called OSMOSIS
13. Which direction would water move in the diagram below? LEFT
14. If you placed a cell in salt water, what would happen to the cell? SHRINK
15. If you placed a cell in pure water, what would happen to the cell? SWELL
16. What passive transport process is shown below? FACILITATE DIFFUSION
a
.
b.
17.
18.
19.
20.
The structure labeled A in the above diagram is CHANNEL PROTEIIN
The structure labeled B in the above diagram is BILIPID LAYER
The diagram above is showing which cell organelle? CELL MEMBRANE
Active transport, which does require energy, can be one of three types - EXCOCYTOSIS ENDOCYTOSIS
and ____________________.
21. When a cell surrounds and takes in a particle it is performing ENDOCYTOSIS
22. When a cell expels a particle to the environment it is performing EXOCYTOSIS
23. The process diagrammed below is ENDOCYTOSIS
24. The active process diagrammed below is carried out by CHANNEL PROTEINS which carry molecules across
the membrane.
a
.
b
Unit 4: Energy in a Cell
.
1. The energy molecule of the cell is ATP which stands for ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
2. ATP stores energy when it MAKES bonds and releases energy when it BREAKS bonds.
3. The process plants use to convert sun energy into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates is
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
4. For photosynthesis to happen, plants need CARBON DIOXIDE WATER and SUNLIGHT
5. The end products of photosynthesis are GLUCOSE and OXYGEN
6. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is CO2 + H2O + SUNLIGHT  C6H12O6 + O2
7. The organelle where photosynthesis occurs is CHLOROPLAST
8. The green pigment that absorbs the sun’s energy is CHLOROPHYLL
9. The light dependent reactions happen in the THYLAKOIDS of the chloroplast.
10. In the light dependent reactions, __________, which is absorbed through the _______ pigment in the
leaves, and _______ combine to form the energy molecules _______ and________. _______ gas is
released as a byproduct of this reaction.
11. The light independent reactions happen in the STROMA of the chloroplast.
12. In the light independent reactions, the energy molecules ____________ and ___________, which were
made in the light dependent reactions, are combined with ________________ to produce
______________ (FOOD).
13. The overall process of photosynthesis has two steps, the LIGHT DEPENDANT reactions and the LIGHT
INDIPENDANT reactions. In the light dependent reactions, sunlight is used to make chemical energy in the
form of ___________and ______________. In the light independent reactions, chemical energy is used
to turn carbon dioxide gas into glucose (food).
14. The plant uses sunlight to turn carbon dioxide into GLUCOSE This is what photosynthesis is all about.
15. The process that cells use to turn food into chemical energy (ATP) is called RESPIRATION
16. Cellular respiration happens in the MITOCHONDRIA
17. Both plant and animal cells perform cellular respiration. It is the process in which GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN
is turned into ATP
18. A cell needs GLUCOSE and OXYGEN for cellular respiration to occur. A cell produces CARBON DIOXIDE
WATER and ATP as a result of cellular respiration.
19. The overall chemical equation for cellular respiration is O2 + GLUCOSEATP +CO2 + H2O
20. Seen below is a picture of a mitochondrion organelle. It is composed of 2 key parts. The CRISTAE where
ATP is made, and the OUTER MEMBRANE where water and carbon dioxide are made.
21. Below is a picture that compares the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The process of
photosynthesis produces the GLUCOSE and OXYGEN that are required for cellular respiration. The
process of cellular respiration produces the WATER CARBON DIOXIDE and__________________
required for photosynthesis. Thus, as you can see, the two process are dependent on one another.