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Muscular System Notes
Functions:
1. Movement
2. _______________
3. Stabilize ___________
4. Generate _________
Types of Muscles:
-Skeletal-_________________, striated, provides __________________
-Cardiac-___________________, striated, in the ___________
-Smooth- involuntary, _____________________, visceral organs (such as the digestive system)
Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
-Muscle ___________ (cell) is wrapped by ___________________
-Several wrapped fibers are _______________ and wrapped by ____________________
-Each bundle is called a ________________
-Many fascicles are wrapped by tough _____________________
-Epimysium ends in a __________ like tendon or a sheet like _______________________
Muscle Fiber (cell)
-Made of many ________________ covered by a plasma membrane called the __________________
-Each myofibril has ____________________ units called a ________________
Sarcomere
-Alternating dark (____) bands and light (____) bands
-Z ________-midway in (I) band
-H zone ____________ in (_____) band
-M ________-center of _____ zone
2 types of protein _______________:
-Thick filaments=_____________
-________ filaments=__________
Cross bridges on ___________ filaments _______________ the two
Sliding Filament
-Thin fibers are ___________ to the center of the _______________ by myosin _________ cross bridge
-Triggered by rise in ________ which attaches to the myosin head to _________ it _________
-________ releases the head and it ____________ forward and pushes the _________ filaments over the
_________ filaments= muscle ______________
Skeletal Muscle Must Be Stimulated by a Nerve
-____________ unit=one ______________ and all the muscle cells it ________________
-More fibers _______________ by one neuron, the _______________ the force
-_________ fibers stimulated by one ______________ than the ___________ the movement
Glucose is Necessary to Provide ATP
-Muscle can ___________ glucose as _______________
-Muscle contains _________________ which will bind ______________
3 Pathways to ATP Production
1. Creatine __________________ (CP) is good for _________________
2. Aerobic respiration= C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + ATP
_______ of all ATP produced (______ ATP/glucose)
3. Anaerobic ________________= without ____________, glucose is broken into 2 ______________
acid, releases ______ ATP and a byproduct, ____________ acid which causes muscle _______________
Types of Muscle Contraction
-Isotonic-contraction occurs and results in ________________
-Isometric-the ___________ filaments try to ______________ but the muscle is _____________
something ________________
-Muscle tone-even when the muscle is ______________, few of the muscle fibers _________________
to contract and make the muscle ___________
Exercise Effect
-Aerobic- ________________
-does ________ increase size
-________ resist ___________
-more ________________, more ___________________, more glycogen
-More _______________-holds oxygen
-Isometric-_________________
-does _________________ size and _____________
-more myofilaments
--more ________________ tissue
-Larger cells
5 Golden Rules
1. Muscles ___________ at least one __________
2. The bulk of the muscle lies _______________ to the joint
3. All muscles have at least _______ attachments-origin and _____________
4. Muscles can only ________, never _________
5. During _______________, the insertion moves _____________ the origin
Naming Muscles
1. Directions of fibers-____________, oblique
2. Relative size-maximus, _____________
3. Location over _________- frontalis, ______________
4. Number of origins-___________, triceps
5. Location of ___________ and insertion-________________________
6. Shape-_____________
7. Action-adductor, flexor
8. Prime mover-major responsibility for _________________
9. Antagonist-when prime mover is __________________, it’s relaxed
10. Synergist-______________ to prime mover
11. Fixator-special ________________ that hold a muscle _____________
Shapes of Muscles
-Circular-sphincters
-________________-fan shaped
-Parallel-_________ like
-Fusiform-special parallel shape with ________ body
-______________-feather like
Muscles of the Head
-Frontalis-raises ______________
-Orbicularis oculi-_____________, squinting
-_________________-smile
-Depressor anguli oris-___________ (antagonists=smile/frown)
-Depressor labii-__________
Chewing (_________________)
-Masseter-prime ___________ (from zygomatic to _________ of mandible)
-Temporalis- ________________
-Buccinator-holds __________ between teeth/sucking
-Platysma-tenses skin of __________ during shaving
Swallowing
-Digastric-opens ____________, depresses ________________
-Mylohyoid-forces ____________ into pharynx
-Pharyngeal constrictors-propels bolus to ________________
Neck
Sternocleidomastoid-head ___________, neck flexion, rotate head towards ______________ shoulder
-Scalenes-flex and _____________ neck
Shoulder Joint
-Trapezius- depresses ______________, adducts _____________
-Pectoralis major- prime mover of arm ___________, adducts arm, rotates ___________
-Latissimus dorsi-prime mover of arm ________________, arm ______________ brings arm down in
hammering, ________________, rowing
-Deltoid-_________________ of pectoralis major, and latissimus dorsi, prime mover of arm
_________________, swinging arm movement while ______________
Shoulder (Rotator Cuff)
-Supraspinatus-prevents _______________ dislocation, assists in ________________
-Infraspinatus-rotates ______________ medially
-Teres major-medial _________________ of humerus, extends
-Coracobrachialis
-Coracoid-humerus, flexion and _______________ of humerus
Elbow Joint
-Triceps brachii-antagonist to ________________ flexors, strong forearm extensor, stabilizes
_______________
-Biceps brachii-flexes the ___________, supinates forearm, lifts ___________
-Brachialis-forearm flexor, lifts _________
-Brachioradialis-synergist to forearm ____________
Back Trunk
-Erector __________-prime mover of back extension-made of ______ muscles iliocostalis,
___________________, and spinalis
-Bending ______________ at the waist touching fingers to the __________, they are ______________
(held together by ligaments). That’s why ___________ can be a problem
Thorax (________________)
-External intercostals- synergist to ________________ in inspiration, elevates ribcage
-Diaphragm-__________ mover of inspiration
-Internal intercostals-aid in _______________, depresses the ribcage
-Serratus anterior-“___________ muscle”, raises the point of the _______________, abduction and
raising the ________, pushing, punching
Abdominal Girdle
-Rectus abdominus-pubic crest to _____________ process, flex and rotate __________ vertebrae
-External ______________-diagonal fibers, “___________”, flex abdomen
-Internal oblique-under _______________ oblique
-Transverse abdominus- runs ____________ and under _____________
Hip and Knee
-Iliopsoas-prime mover of _______ flexion
-Sartorius-strap-like, _______________, flexes and laterally rotates _________, flexes knee, “cross leg
position”
-Adductor magnus
-Adductor longus
adducts thigh
-Adductor brevis
-Gracilis-adducts thigh, medial _____________ when walking
Quadriceps Group (anterior thigh)
-All extend the knee:
-Rectus femoris-also flexes hip on thigh
-_____________ lateralis
-Vastus intermedius
-Vastus ___________
Hip and Thigh (posterior)
-Gluteus maximus-major, ______________, extensor of the thigh (rising from chair, __________,
running)
-Gluteus medius-_____________ site
-Gluteus minimus-adducts thigh
Hamstring Group
-Posterior thigh, ___________ nerve runs through, powerful _______ flexors, extends thigh:
-Biceps femoris-extends thigh, flexes knee, ____________ rotation of leg when knee is
___________
-Semitendinosus
-______________________
Lower Leg
-Gastrocnemius-prominent _________ forms proximal __________ of the calf, plantar flexion, large
____________ tendon (calcaneal)
-Soleus-lies under _________________, also plantar ___________